Condenser definition

Although the above condensations definitely failed to yield sucrose octaacetate, Irvine and his collaborators showed that they did produce, in addition to uncrystallized products, some D-glucose pentaacetate, some... 

Synonyms Amides, coco, N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)- N,N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) coco amides N,N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) coco fatty acid amide Coco DEA Coconut acid diethanolamide Coconut acid polydiethanolamide (2 1 type) Coconut acid superamide (1 1 type) Coconut diethanolamide Cocoyl diethanolamide Diethanolamine coconut fatty acid condensate Definition Ethanolamides of coconut acid Formula RC0-N(CFl2CFl20FI)2, RCO- represents the coconut acid radical... 

Synonyms Amides, apricot kernel oil, N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)- Apricot amides, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)- Apricot diethanolamide Apricot fatty acids diethanolamide N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) apricot amides Diethanolamine apricot fatty acid condensate Definition Mixt. of ethanolamides of fatty acids derived from apricot kernel oil Formula RC0-N(CH2CH20H)2, where RCO-represents fatty acids derived from apricot kernel oil... 

Understandably, several terms associated with the lean concept are Japanese. Condensed definitions of these terms follow, a since they are applied in the design process discussed later in this chapter, as well as some other definitions that need to be understood. 

Synonyms Naphthalenesulfbnic acid-formaldehyde condensate, sodium salt Naphthaienesuifonic acid, poiymer with fonnaldehyde, sodium salt Sodium naph-thaiene-formaidehyde suifonate Sodium naphthalene-fonnaldehyde sulfonate polymers Sodium naphthalene sulfonate Sodium polynaphthalenemethane sulfonate Sodium salt of sulfonated naphthalene-fonnaldehyde condensate Definition Sodium salt of the prod, obtained by condensation polymerization of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde ionic Nature Anionic Formuia (C uHjOjS CHjOj -xNa... 

It is strictly for convenience that certain conventions have been adopted in the choice of a standard-state fugacity. These conventions, in turn, result from two important considerations (a) the necessity for an unambiguous thermodynamic treatment of noncondensable components in liquid solutions, and (b) the relation between activity coefficients given by the Gibbs-Duhem equation. The first of these considerations leads to a normalization for activity coefficients for nonoondensable components which is different from that used for condensable components, and the second leads to the definition and use of adjusted or pressure-independent activity coefficients. These considerations and their consequences are discussed in the following paragraphs. 

The total interaction between two slabs of infinite extent and depth can be obtained by a summation over all atom-atom interactions if pairwise additivity of forces can be assumed. While definitely not exact for a condensed phase, this conventional approach is quite useful for many purposes [1,3]. This summation, expressed as an integral, has been done by de Boer [8] using the simple dispersion formula, Eq. VI-15, and following the nomenclature in Eq. VI-19 ... 

Adsorbents such as some silica gels and types of carbons and zeolites have pores of the order of molecular dimensions, that is, from several up to 10-15 A in diameter. Adsorption in such pores is not readily treated as a capillary condensation phenomenon—in fact, there is typically no hysteresis loop. What happens physically is that as multilayer adsorption develops, the pore becomes filled by a meeting of the adsorbed films from opposing walls. Pores showing this type of adsorption behavior have come to be called micropores—a conventional definition is that micropore diameters are of width not exceeding 20 A (larger pores are called mesopores), see Ref. 221a. 

Oxidation, (i) Dissolve 5 g. of potassium dichromate in 20 ml. of dil. H2SO4 in a 100 ml. bolt-head flask. Cool and add 1 ml. of methanol. Fit the flask with a reflux water-condenser and warm gently a vigorous reaction soon occurs and the solution turns green. The characteristic pungent odour of formaldehyde is usually detected at this stage. Continue to heat for 3 minutes and then fit the flask with a knee-tube (Fig. 59, p. 100) and distil off a few ml. Test the distillate with blue litmus-paper to show that it is definitely acid. Then apply Test 3 p. 350) for formic acid. (The reflux-distillation apparatus (Fig. 38, p. 63) can conveniently be used for this test.)... 

To the cold acid chloride add 175 ml. of pure carbon disulphide, cool in ice, add 30 g, of powdered anhydrous aluminium chloride in one lot, and immediately attach a reflux condenser. When the evolution of hydrogen chloride ceases (about 5 minutes), slowly warm the mixture to the boiling point on a water bath. Reflux for 10 minutes with frequent shaking the reaction is then complete. Cool the reaction mixture to 0°, and decompose the aluminium complex by the cautious addition, with shaking, of 100 g. of crushed ice. Then add 25 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, transfer to a 2 htre round-bottomed flask and steam distil, preferably in the apparatus, depicted in Fig. II, 41, 3 since the a-tetralone is only moderately volatile in steam. The carbon disulphide passes over first, then there is a definite break in the distillation, after whieh the a-tetralone distils completely in about 2 htres of distillate. 

Pyrophosphoric (diphosphoric) acid, H4P2O2, is the only condensed phosphoric acid definitely obtainable ia crystalline form. It has a theoretical P2O5 content of 79.8%. However, Hquid polyphosphoric acid of such content shows by analysis only 42.5% the remainder is phosphoric acid and... 

Fig. 2. Process flow sketch where CW = cooling water, FRC = flow recorder controller, and Cond = condensate. See Figure 3 for other definitions.

Definitions. When positive charges are fixed in a soHd, but the electrons are free to move about, the system is called a soHd-state plasma. In a Hquid-state plasma, both the positive and negative charges are frilly mobile. These soHd-state and Hquid system are examples of condensed matter plasmas as opposed to gaseous plasmas. 

Model Networks. Constmction of model networks allows development of quantitative stmcture property relationships and provide the abiUty to test the accuracy of the theories of mbber elasticity (251—254). By definition, model networks have controlled molecular weight between cross-links, controlled cross-link functionahty, and controlled molecular weight distribution of cross-linked chains. Sihcones cross-linked by either condensation or addition reactions are ideally suited for these studies because all of the above parameters can be controlled. A typical condensation-cure model network consists of an a, CO-polydimethylsiloxanediol, tetraethoxysilane (or alkyltrimethoxysilane), and a tin-cure catalyst (255). A typical addition-cure model is composed of a, ffl-vinylpolydimethylsiloxane, tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)silane, and a platinum-cure catalyst (256—258). 

Condensa.tlon, This term covers all processes, not previously iacluded ia other process definitions, where water or hydrogen chloride is eliminated ia a reaction involving the combination of two or more molecules. The important condensation reactions are nitrogen and sulfur heterocycle formation, amide formation from acid chlorides, formation of substituted diphenyl amines, and misceUaneous cyclizations. 

In diying solids it is important to distinguish between hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic materials. If a hygroscopic material is maintained in contact with air at constant temperature and humidity until equilibrium is reached, the material will attain a definite moisture content. This moisture is termed the equilibrium moisture content for the specified conditions. Equilibrium moisture may be adsorbed as a surface film or condensed in the fine capillaries of the solid at reduced pressure, and its concentration will vaiy with the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air. However, at low temperatures, e.g., 15 to 50°C, a plot of equilibrium moisture content versus percent relative humidity is essentially independent of temperature. At zero humidity the equilibrium moisture content of all materials is zero. 

The fluid being pumped is often not well defined. Terminology like well water, industrial effluent, raw water, boiler feed water, condensate water, etc., is usually the only definition we have of the fluid being pumped. Any of these fluids can contain several concentrations of. solids that cause erosion and wear inside the pump. 

The general definition of a condensation reaction is a one that involves product formation by expulsion of water (or other small molecule) as a by-product. By this definition, activation and methylolation are also condensations. In more precise terms the chain-building process should be described as a condensation polymerization, however, in the jargon of the phenolics industry, the term condensation is usually reserved for the chain-building process. This terminology is not necessarily observed in the literature [88]. Many literature reports correctly refer to methylolation as a condensation reaction. The molecular weight development of the phenol alcohol adducts may also be classified as a step-polymerization. 

The temperature at which water condenses from natural gas is called its dew point. If the gas is saturated with water vapor, it is by definition at its dew point. The amount of water vapor saturated in the gas is given... 

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