Conventional definition

The standard states of Ag and of Ag (aq) have the conventional definitions, but there is an ambiguity in the definition of the standard state of e. Suppose that a reference electrode R is positioned above a solution of AgN03, which in turn is in contact with an Ag electrode. The Ag electrode and R are connected by a wire. Per Faraday, the processes are... 

There are some subtleties with respect to the physicochemical meaning of the contact angle equation, and these are taken up in Section X-7. The preceding, however, serves to introduce the conventional definitions to permit discussion of the experimental observations. 

Adsorbents such as some silica gels and types of carbons and zeolites have pores of the order of molecular dimensions, that is, from several up to 10-15 A in diameter. Adsorption in such pores is not readily treated as a capillary condensation phenomenon—in fact, there is typically no hysteresis loop. What happens physically is that as multilayer adsorption develops, the pore becomes filled by a meeting of the adsorbed films from opposing walls. Pores showing this type of adsorption behavior have come to be called micropores—a conventional definition is that micropore diameters are of width not exceeding 20 A (larger pores are called mesopores), see Ref. 221a. 

For homogeneous reactions we obtain the conventional definition of the reaction rate u. as rate of conversion per volume... 

One complication is the meaning of pH. > The conventional definition of pH as presented in most introductory texts is... 

Equation 2.5-43 is a definition of availability." Since 1/p = MTTR (mean time to repair) and 1/A, = MTTF (mean time to failure) A more conventional definition is given by 2.5-44. 

The correction of mean free path, hi by the nanoscale effect function results in a smaller mean free path, or a smaller Knudsen number in other word. As a matter of fact, a similar effect is able to be achieved even if we use the conventional definition of mean free path, / = irSn, and the Chapmann-Enskog viscosity equation, /r = (5/16)... 

Although pV2/2 represents kinetic energy per unit volume, pV2 is also the flux of momentum carried by the fluid along the conduit. The latter interpretation is more logical in Eq. (5-50), because rw is also a flux of momentum from the fluid to the tube wall. However, the conventional definition includes the (arbitrary) factor i. Other definitions of the pipe friction factor are in use that are some multiple of the Fanning friction factor. For example, the Darcy friction factor, which is equal to 4/, is used frequently by mechanical and civil engineers. Thus, it is important to know which definition is implied when data for friction factors are used. 

The report of the first zinc compound with a Zn-Zn core elicited a number of critical comments on the structure and bonding of decamethyldizincocene, and the interpretation of the results.236,237 None of the authors of these commentaries questioned the data or their interpretation. Parkin, however, has pointed out that the formal oxidation state of +1 for zinc in this compound is merely due to the convention that metals are assigned an oxidation state of 0 when they form bonds with like atoms.237 If the conventional definition of valence, namely the capacity of atoms to form bonds to other atoms is used, then the zinc atoms in decamethyldizincocene are not monovalent, but divalent. The synthesis of a paramagnetic organozinc compound in which zinc uses only one of its two 4s electrons will remain an interesting challenge to many synthetic organometallic chemists. 

The description of conjugated dienes as shown by equation 17 and the associated comparison with butadiene in equation 18 corresponds most closely to the conventional definition. The results are plausible in that groups on one double bond that are c/5-situated relative to the other encourage nonplanarity, cause destabilization and result in lessened conjugation energy. Or so we say. The biggest debit of this approach is that the thermochemistry of the monoenes related by single addition of H2 is often absent. An example... 

The last step is introduced to conform with the conventional definition of 7. The required transformation is... 

Porous materials have attracted considerable attention in their application in electrochemistry due to their large surface area. As indicated in Section I, there are two conventional definitions concerning with the fractality of the porous material, i.e., surface fractal and pore fractal.9"11 The pore fractal dimension represents the pore size distribution irregularity the larger the value of the pore fractal dimension is, the narrower is the pore size distribution which exhibits a power law behavior. The pore fractal dimensions of 2 and 3 indicate the porous electrode with homogeneous pore size distribution and that electrode composed of the almost samesized pores, respectively. 

We have included gene therapy and stem cells to present a more comprehensive perspective on medical treatments, although they are not drugs by our conventional definitions. 

Note-, x, [I, and y are related to the diffractometer angles cu, x, and [Pg.304]

In Fig. 11 the change in the junction resistance (at 2 mV) is plotted as an external magnetic field which goes from 1,500 to —1,500 Oe (circles) and is then reversed from —1,500 to 1,500 Oe (triangles) with the sample held at 80 K. When the magnetic field is between 20 and 200 Oe, the magnetization direction of the LSMO layer becomes antiparaUel to the Co layer. Using the conventional definition of MR, defined as AR/R p = (Rap p)/ ap> where Rap is the junction resistance in... 

The Convention definition supports the idea that the size and longevity of the groups involved are essential components of organization. But how can the size and permanence of the groups involved in any given drug flow be determined This chapter suggests that at least five currently available indicators could be useful for this purpose ... 

When the film is short-circuited and heated to high temperatures at which the molecules attain a sufficiently high mobility, a current is observed in the external circuit. This phenomenon is called pyroelectric effect, thermally stimulated current, or, when the film has been polarized by a static field prior to measurement, depolarization current. The conventional definition of pyroelectricity is the temperature dependence of spontaneous polarization Ps, and the pyroelectric constant is defined as dPJdd (6 = temperature). In this review, however, the term will be used in a broader definition than usual. The pyroelectric current results from the motion of true charge and/or polarization charge in the film. Since the piezoelectricity of a polymer film is in some cases caused by these charges, the relation between piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity is an important clue to the origin of piezoelectricity. 

When this expression is derived, it is notized that sin 2 becomes equal to unity in the limit of zero shear rate (cf. Fig. 1.2). It should be clear that the indicated limits of zero shear rate and concentration are bom out of the conventional definitions of [n and [rj] and are superfluous for the present purpose. 

A renewed interest in this research field may lead to the construction of functional immobilized biocatalysts that surpass the conventional definition, or usually credited advantages, of immobilized biocatalysts with regard to their capabilities as catalysts [22-24], i.e. immobilized enzyme systems in which, for example, an enzymatic process can be controlled by externally applied stimuli such as light, electric fields, pH, temperature, and mechanical force. In such cases, what is crucial in system construction is not to rely on a possible... 

ACIDS AND BASES. The conventional definition of an acid is that it is an electrolyte that furnishes protons, i.e.. hydrogen ions. H+. An acid is sour to the taste and usually quite corrosive. A base is an electrolyte that furnishes hydroxyl ions, OH . A base is bitter to die taste and also usually quite corrosive. These definitions were formulated in terms of water solutions and. consequently, do not embrace situations where some ionizing medium other than water may be involved. In the definition of Lowry and Brnsted, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Acid-base theory is described later. 

Note that this definition is different in at least two major respects from the conventional definition of an arid as a substance dissociating to give H+ in water. The Lowry-Brnsted definition states that for every acid there be a conjugate base, and vice versa. Thus, in the examples cited above. Cl-. OH-, and NH--are the conjugate bases of HCl, H20. and NH3. 

In fig. 2a-f the results are given for isoscalar and isovector transition amplitudes for 21Ne(T> i, Tz i). (The values of the isovector amplitudes have been multiplied by a factor /3, compared to the conventional definition [BRU77] )... 

There are two conventional definitions in describing the fractality of porous material - the pore fractal dimension which represents the pore distribution irregularity56,59,62 and the surface fractal dimension which characterizes the pore surface irregularity.56,58,65 Since the geometry and structure of the pore surfaces are closely related to the electro-active surface area which plays a key role in the increases of capacity and rate capability in practical viewpoint, the microstructures of the pores have been quantitatively characterized by many researchers based upon the fractal theory. 

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