Viscosity concentration

Thus, while it is impossible to separate the viscosity and the gelling functions of the gums completely, because to a certain extent these functions depend upon use concentrations, viscosity alone plays an important role in the industrial field. 

Electrophoretic separations occur in electrolytes. The type, composition, pH, concentration, viscosity, and temperature of the electrolytes are all crucial parameters for separation optimization. The composition of the electrolyte determines its conductivity, buffer capacity, and ion mobility and also affects the physical nature of a fused silica surface. The general requirements for good electrolytes are listed in Table 1. Due to the complex effects of the type, concentration, and pH of the separation media buffer, conditions should be optimized for each particular separation problem. 

For this study flow (dynamic) and static (batch) tests were carried out on Wilmington oil field unconsolidated sands at reservoir temperatures and flow rates with polyacrylamide (Dow Pusher-500) polymers. Effluent concentration, viscosity, and pH were monitored as a function of time. Extensive characterization studies for the sand were also carried out. 

Viscosity Measurements. A Zimm-Couette type low shear viscometer was used. The intrinsic viscosities were estimated from single concentration viscosity measurements using the equations for the concentration dependence of the specific viscosity (5,6). The Mark-Houwink equation was used to determine My (5,6). 

Solution concentration (viscosity effects) Nozzle Port Size... 

In addition to the pore size-particle size retention relationship problems mentioned above, other factors can influence a filter medium s retention characteristics. Absorptive retention can be influenced by the organism size, organism population, pore size of the medium, pH of the filtrate, ionic strength, surface tension, and organic content. Operational parameters can also influence retention, such as flow rate, salt concentration, viscosity, temperature, filtration duration, filtration pressure, membrane thickness, organism type, and filter medium area [52,53]. 

An alternative approach is to treat concentrate to reduce viscosity. Berk (18), using ultrasonic radiation, succeeded in lowering viscosity of 60° Brix concentrate to 25% of its initial level. Viscosity of 70° Brix concentrate prepared from this material was only 50% higher than that of untreated 60° Brix concentrate. Viscosity of 70° Brix concentrate prepared without ultrasonic treatment was nearly 8 times that of 60° Brix concentrate. Irradiation was more effective at an intermediate stage of concentration (e.g., 60° Brix) than after concentration to 70°Brix. 

Viscosity of super concentrate Viscosity of diluent resion... 

Although there are analogies between solidification and crystallization, there are also some important structural differences between the solid-melt interface (also called the solidification front) and the solid-solvent interface due to the differing concentration, viscosity, and temperature of the respective liquid phase. These may be summarized as follows ... 

Quantitative measurements of electrokinetic phenomena permit the calculation of the zeta potential by use of the appropriate equations. However, in the deduction of the equations approximations are made this is because in the interfacial region physical properties such as concentration, viscosity, conductivity, and dielectric constant differ from their values in bulk solution, which is not taken into account. Corrections to compensate for these approximations have been introduced, as well as consideration of non-spherical particles and particles of dimensions comparable to the diffuse layer thickness. This should be consulted in the specialized literature. 

Carbon black loading can play an important part in obtaining quality dispersion with higher loadings producing superior dispersion, other factors being equal. However, caution should be used to ensure that the concentrate viscosity does not greatly exceed that of the compound polymer—a 3 1 concentrate-to-compound... 

Turner (29) studied the effects of temperature, HF concentration, viscosity, and fluosilicic acid concentration on the... 

Launay et al. (1986) suggested that there could be two transitions, instead of one transition shown in Figure 4-6, before the onset of high concentration-viscosity behavior. The critical concentration at the boundary between the semidilute and concentrated regimes is denoted as c. Such behavior was also found for citrus pectin samples with different values of DE at pH 7 and 0.1 M NaCl (Axelos et al., 1989 Lopes da Silva and Rao, 2006). Because the intrinsic viscosity of a biopolymer can be determined with relative ease. Figure 4-6 can be used to estimate the zero-shear viscosity of that biopolymer at a specific polymer concentration at 25°C. 

Whole saliva (spit) is a dilute, viscous solution of proteins and shed epithelial cells. The major electrolytes are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Calcium and phosphate are present at a supersaturated concentration. Viscosity is due to mucins, proteoglycans with numerous short glycan chains that lubricate the oral cavity, hold a bolus of chewed food together, and reduce bacterial adherence to teeth. Besides mucins, the major proteins secreted in saliva are amylase and proline-rich proteins. The major electrolytes, sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, increase with stimulation of salivary flow, but the protein content decreases. All proteins in whole saliva adhere to some extent to... 

Flow induced phase inversion (FIPI) has been observed by the author and applied to intensive materials structuring such as agglomeration, microencapsulation, detergent processing, emulsification, and latex production from polymer melt emulsifica-A diagrammatic illustration of FIPI is shown in Fig. 4. When material A is mixed with material B, in the absence of any significant deformation, the type of dispersion obtained [(A-in-B) or (B-in-A)] is dictated by the thermodynamic state variables (TSVs) (concentration, viscosity of components, surface activity, temperature, and pressure). If the... 

However, many authors [122-124] assume equality of potentials C = j/ d l ast for low values of surface potentials and low concentrations of electrolyte in the bulk phase. At higher values of the potential and higher concentrations, viscosity close to the surface increases due to the increase of surface concentration. Then, the boundary plane of the mobile layer moves deep into the solution and the anticipated value C is lower than the value IV dl- Both potentials C and ipd are diffuse ones and therefore must be of the same sign and must behave in the same way with the change of electrolyte concentration. 

The methods used to measure sulfur content vary depending on the sulfur concentration, viscosity or boiling range, and presence of interfering elements. 

The energy quantum (0.0016 eV) of the microwave irradiation is totally inadequate for exciting atom-atom bonds or specific parts of a molecule and hence cannot induce chemical reactions, as opposed to ultraviolet or infrared radiation (Table 25.1). When molecules rotate in a matrix, they generate heat by friction. The amount of heat generated by a given reaction mixture is a complex function of its dielectric property, volume, geometry, concentration, viscosity, and temperature. Thus, two samples irradiated at the same power level for the same period of time will most likely end up with rather different final temperatures. 

It is possible to subdivide the properties used to describe a thermodynamic system (e.g., T, P, V,U,...) into two main classes termed intensive and extensive variables. This distinction is quite important since the two classes of variables are often treated in significantly different fashion. For present purposes, extensive properties are defined as those that depend on the mass of the system considered, such as volume and total energy content, indeed all the total system properties (Z) mentioned above. On the other hand, intensive properties do not depend on the mass of the system, an obvious example being density. For example, the density of two grams of water is the same as that of one gram at the same P, T, though the volume is double. Other common intensive variables include temperature, pressure, concentration, viscosity and all molar (Z) and partial molar (Z, defined below) quantities. ... 

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