Sands unconsolidated

Unconsolidated sediments Low consolidated sediments Consolidated sediments Eruptive rocks A Metamorphic rocks + From deep reflection seismic 0 Limestone 0 Sand, unconsolidated 1 1 — — -... 

The term porosity refers to the fraction of the medium that contains the voids. When a fluid is passed over the medium, the fraction of the medium (i.e., the pores) that contributes to the flow is referred to as the effective porosity of the media. In a general sense, porous media are classified as either unconsolidated and consolidated and/or as ordered and random. Examples of unconsolidated media are sand, glass beads, catalyst pellets, column packing materials, soil, gravel and packing such as charcoal. 

Permeability is defined as a measure of a rock s ability to transmit fluids. In addition to a rock s being porous, sedimentary rock can also be permeable. Permeability refers to the property of a rock that allows fluids to flow through its pore network at practical rates under reasonable pressure differentials. The quantitative definition of permeability was first given in an empirical relationship developed by the French hydrologist Henry D Arcy who studied the flow of water through unconsolidated sands [31]. 

Gravel pack. Gravel pack and perforated completions are used where unconsolidated sands in the injection zone must be supported. In gravel-pack completions the cavity in the injection zone is filled with gravel or, more typically, a screen or liner is placed in the injection-zone cavity before the cavity is filled with gravel. In perforated completions, the casing and cement extend into the injection zone and are then perforated in the most permeable sections. In 1985, 53% of Class I wells were perforated and 17% were screened.20... 

For this study flow (dynamic) and static (batch) tests were carried out on Wilmington oil field unconsolidated sands at reservoir temperatures and flow rates with polyacrylamide (Dow Pusher-500) polymers. Effluent concentration, viscosity, and pH were monitored as a function of time. Extensive characterization studies for the sand were also carried out. 

The present study investigates the adsorption and trapping of polymer molecules in flow experiments through unconsolidated oil field sands. Static tests on both oil sand and Ottawa sand indicates that mineralogy plays a major role in the observed behavior. Effect of a surfactant slug on polymer-rock interaction is also reported. Corroborative studies have also been conducted to study the anomalous pressure behavior and high tertiary oil recovery in surfactant dilute-polymer systems(ll,12). 

Static(batch) and dynamic(flow) tests were carried out on toluene - extracted and peroxide - treated Wilmington oil field unconsolidated sands with dilute solutions of polyacrylamide (Dow Pusher-500) polymer in 1 wt% NaCl at 50° C and 1.5 ft./day, simulating reservoir temperature and flow rates. In the static tests, Ottawa sand, with particle size distributions similar to the Wilmington sand, were also used for comparison purposes. 

Flow Tests. One foot long sand packs using Wilmington oil field unconsolidated sand were prepared for each of the flow tests. Porosity and permeability of all the sand packs were within 30-35% and 100-300 md, respectively. All core packs were evacuated to about 1 mm of mercury (Hg) before saturating them under gravity to assure complete water saturation. Table III gives the core and fluid properties for the flow tests. The properties of the cores were chosen so that they are close to the field conditions reported by Krebs(15). 

Leverett, M. C., 1939, How of Oil-Water Mixtures through Unconsolidated Sands Transactions of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Vol. 142, Petroleum Development Technology, pp. 149-171. 

The site is underlain by a sequence of unconsolidated, stratified, laterally discontinuous deposits of sand, silty sand, clayey silt, and silty clay of Recent and Upper Pleistocene age. A thin veneer of Recent deposits immediately underlies the eastern portion of the site. These deposits are difficult to distinguish from the underlying Upper Pleistocene deposits, which comprise the lower portion of the Lakewood Formation, due to similarities in lithology. 

Unconsolidated outwash gravels and sands K = 2 cm/s Annual rainfall +45 in. annual water table fluctuation typically 2 to 3 ft 8 to 12 ft... 

Sulfur constitutes about 0.052 wt % of the earth s crust. The forms in which it is ordinarily found include elemental or native sulfur in unconsolidated volcanic rocks, in anhydrite over salt-dome structures, and in bedded anhydrite or gypsum evaporate basin formations combined sulfur in metal sulfide ores and mineral sulfates hydrogen sulfide in natural gas organic sulfur compounds in petroleum and tar sands and a combination of both pyritic and organic sulfur compounds in coal (qv). 

W. Woodside, J.H. Messmer, Thermal conductivity of porous media I. Unconsolidated sands, J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1961) 1688. 

A solid containing voids or pore spaces. Normally such pores are quite small compared with the size of the solid and are well-distributed throughout the solid. In geologic formations porosity can be associated with unconsolidated (uncemented) materials, such as sand, or a consolidated material, such as sandstone. 

In general, soil is an unconsolidated combination of inorganic and organic materials. The inorganic components of soil are principally the products of rocks and minerals that have been gradually broken down by weather, chemical action, and other natural processes. Soil particles, also known as soil separates, are divided into three main size groups sand, silt, and clay minerals [14]. 

In unconsolidated sands a relationship exists between the particles and the pore space where water may be stored. The classic works of King and Slichter in this country near the end of the Nineteenth Century form the basic information on this subject. The work on ground... 

Apparatus and Procedure. Tests for the actual displacement of tertiary oil were made in horizontal flow models containing tight, unconsolidated sand-pack cores. A schematic drawing of the flow apparatus used for the tests reported here is shown in Figure 6. 

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