Compounding semi-solids

Solid-phase sorbents are also used in a technique known as matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). MSPD is a patented process first reported in 1989 for conducting the simultaneous disruption and extraction of solid and semi-solid samples. The technique is rapid and requires low volumes (ca. 10 mL) of solvents. One problem that has hindered further progress in pesticide residues analysis is the high ratio of sorbent to sample, typically 0.5-2 g of sorbent per 0.5 g of sample. This limits the sample size and creates problems with representative sub-sampling. It permits complete fractionation of the sample matrix components and also the ability to elute selectively a single compound or class of compounds from the same sample. Excellent reviews of the practical and theoretical aspects of MSPD " and applications in food analysis were presented by Barker.Torres et reported the use of MSPD for the... 

A number of azetidine-based compounds have been disclosed in patent applications from Aventis Pharma for CBi-modulated treatment of diseases such as obesity, Parkinson s disease, schizophrenia, respiratory and neurological diseases [330-334]. Compound (556) was specifically claimed for use in two formulation patent applications [330, 331] for a stable semi-solid composition and oral emulsion composition, respectively. The optional coadministration of an agent that activates norepinephrinergic and se-rotoninergic neurotransmission (for example, sibutramine) or dopaminergic neurotransmission was also claimed for the treatment of obesity. The optional use of a dopamine agonist (for example, levodopa) was claimed... 

Nonaqueous liquids, semi-solids, and dry powders dry heat at 160°C/120 minutes then dry heat under alternative conditions of time and temperature to achieve a sterility assurance level of 10 6 then an alternative to dry heat, e.g., ionizing radiation with a minimum absorbed dose of not less than 25 kGy then a validated alternative irradiation dose (according to ISO 11137) then aseptic filtration and aseptic processing and then the use of presterilized components and aseptic compounding or filling... 

A semi-solid yellowish substance consisting of a purified mixture of hydrocarbons also known as petroleum jelly. It is used as a softener in rubber compounding. 

A general presentation and discussion of the origin of structure of crystalline solids and of the structural stability of compounds and solid solutions was given by Villars (1995) and Pettifor (1995). For an introduction to the electronic structure of extended systems, see Hoffmann (1987, 1988). In this chapter a brief sampling of some useful semi-empirical correlations and, respectively, of methods of classifying (predicting) phase and structure formation will be summarized. 

Retorting of oil shales to produce shale oil results in wastes (condensate water and solid semi-coke residue) that are heavily contaminated with organic compounds, especially phenolic compounds. Semi-coke leachate is typically alkaline (Kundel Liblik 2000) and can contain several hundred mg/L phenol in Estonia, in addition to potentially toxic heavy metals and trace elements, for example, As, B, F, Mo, and Se, which might be mobilized during leaching by water. Volatilization of phenols from leachate lagoons can also impact atmospheric quality. 

Glazov and Vigdorovich (1969) proceeded from the findings of Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnyi (1908), which were consistent with the law of Vegard laid down later in 1917. They established on the basis of a number of examples a full linear dependence of hardness variation in metals and semi-conducting compounds (as solid solutions) on variation in chemical composition. 

The above compound, l,5-anhydro-2,3,4-trideoxy-6-0-triphenyl-methyl-D-gZt/cero-hexitol (4.0 grams) was dissolved in 75 ml of chloroform. Dry hydrogen bromide was bubbled through the solution kept at 0°C until TLC examination showed all the starting material had disappeared. The solution was concentrated at 30 °C and 13 mm pressure to a semi-solid mass. The pressure was then reduced to 0.08 mm, and the... 

Method II.—50 c.cs. (excess) of a saturated solution of sodium bisulphite are added to 15 gms. (1 mol.) of freshly distilled benzaldehyde in a beaker, and the whole stirred until the mass is semi-solid owing to the separation of the bisulphite compound of the aldehyde. The latter is filtered off at the pump, pressed, and washed with a little water and alcohol. It is then... 

The residue left after the solvent - alcohol (in the earlier crystallization method) or xylene (from the washing technique) - has been distilled off, is a semi-solid substance consisting of a- trinitrotoluene, its isomers, dim trot oluenes and other nitro compounds, all of them found as impurities in TNT. 

Apiole forms crystals with a melting point of 30 Celsius. Fresh apiole may be a semi-solid liquid. The compound can be distilled at 294 Celsius. Apiole is soluble in alcohol, benzene and chloroform, but insoluble in water. Apiole is a major constitute of parsley, and is responsible for the aroma and taste of parsley. 

Joints, depressions and similar locations accumulate moisture and dirt and are susceptible to corrosion than other areas. Plastic or semi-solid sealing compounds that adhere to... 

Savary, G., Guichard, E., DoubUer, J.L., Cayot, N. (2006). Mixture of aroma compounds Determination of partition coeflScients in complex semi-solid matrices. Food Res. Int., 39, 372-379. 

Pastes can be made with the same carrier liquids by simply increasing the concentration of powder to achieve a paste-like semi-solid consistency. More stable pastes are obtained by using a carrier which is inherently semi-solid, such as a grease, petrolatum (soft petroleum wax) or a semi-fluid polymer. The concentration of powder in a paste or a dispersion may be anything between 35 and 75%, depending on the application. The British military specification Def Stan 80-81/1 requires not less than 50% of molybdenum disulphide in a mineral oil grease for an anti-seize and anti-scuffing compound for use up to 250 C. This is probably a fairly typical level for anti-seize use. 

In a similar manner to the above, compounds have been obtained from stearolic acid. Tliis add and 1-5 times its wdght of arsenic trichloride, when heated at 140° C. for six hours, gives a thick brown mass. This is dissolved in ether and shaken with water, the ethereal extract being treated as in the case of behenolic add. A semi-solid mass is obtained which contains 10 to 11 per cent, of arsenic and 6 to 7 per cent, of chlorine. The strontium salt is a water-insoluble powder, containing 11 to 12 per cent, of arsenic.. 

Based on available results, dynamic and static HS mode is complementary rather than competitive. The better choice in each case will depend on the sample-analyte interaction. Thus, the dynamic modes are better suited to semi-volatile compounds in water, while the static modes are to be preferred for solid and semi-solid samples. 

This design affords shorter analysis times with minimal solvent consumption also, no preconcentration step is required as preconcentration is achieved simultaneously with distillation by retaining distilled analytes on the solid-phase material. This device features a broad range of uses in the analysis of semi-volatile compounds in solid samples with high moisture contents. 

Compounds of rhodium are used as catalysts. A catalyst is a substance used to speed up a chemical reaction without undergoing any change itself. As an example, rhodium sesquioxide (Rh203) is sometimes used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of oils. Hydrogenation is the process by which liquid oils are converted to semi-solids. 

We shall be largely concerned here with the structures of metal oxides in the crystalline state since nearly all these compounds are solids at ordinary temperatures. We shall mention a number of suboxides, but we shall exclude peroxides and superoxides (and ozonates), for these compounds, in which there are 0-0 bonds, are included in Chapter 11. Little is known of the structures of metal oxides in the liquid or vapour states, though several have been studied as vapours (Table 12.1). The structures of the oxides of the semi-metals and of the B subgroup elements are described in other chapters. 

In its strictest definitive form, an ointment is classified as any semi-solid containing fatty material and intended for external application (U.S. Pharmocopeia, USP). In this discussion, ointments will be defined as semisolid anhydrous external preparations. In the nineteenth century, ointments were based on lard, a compounding material, the usefulness of which was severely limited by its tendency to turn rancid. Early in the twentieth century, lard was replaced by petrolatum (white or yellow soft paraffin or petroleum jelly). In present practice, nonmedicated ointments (ointment bases) are used alone, for emollient or lubricating purposes, or in combination with a drug for therapeutic purposes. 

Coal tars are by-products of the carbonization of coal to produce coke and/or natural gas. Physically, they are usually viscous liquids or semi-solids that are black or dark brown with a naphthalene-like odor. The coal tars are complex combinations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, heterocyclic oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds. By comparison, coal tar creosotes are distillation products of coal tar. They have an oily liquid consistency and range in color from yellowish-dark green to brown. The coal tar creosotes consist of aromatic hydrocarbons, anthracene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene derivatives. At least 75% of the coal tar creosote mixture is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Unlike the coal tars and coal tar creosotes, coal tar pitch is a residue produced during the distillation of coal tar. The pitch is a shiny, dark brown to black residue which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their methyl and polymethyl derivatives, as well as heteronuclear compounds... 

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