Compensatory

Economic Aspects. To be useful the raw materials must be recoverable at a cost not greater than the cost of similar terrestrial materials. These costs must include transportation to the point of sale. Comparative costs of recovery are strongly influenced by secondary environmental or imputed costs, such as legal costs or compensatory levies. 

Flucytosine-resistant strains can develop very rapidly. These mutants may have a disturbed 5-FC-metabohsm, or a compensatory mechanism for the disturbed nucleic acid functions. No cytosine permease was found in a resistant Cyptococcus neoformans strain, whereas cytosine deaminase was absent in resistant C. albicans strains. A deficiency of uridine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase occurs frequently in resistant C. albicans strains (1). 

The cardiac effects of the calcium antagonists, ie, slowed rate (negative chronotropy) and decreased contractile force (negative inotropy), are prominent in isolated cardiac preparations. However, in the intact circulation, these effects may be masked by reflex compensatory adjustments to the hypotension that these agents produce. The negative inotropic activity of the calcium antagonists may be a problem in patients having heart failure, where contractility is already depressed, or in patients on concomitant -adrenoceptor blockers where reflex compensatory mechanisms are reduced. 

Diuretics are needed to return to normal the expanded extracellular volume that other antihypertensive agents produce, such as fluid retention and blood volume expansion, via compensatory mechanisms of the body. The loss of efficacy of antihypertensive agents can be restored if a diuretic is used concomitandy. In the treatment of hypertension, high ceiling or loop diuretics, such as furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and bumetanide, are no more efficacious than the thiazide-type of diuretics. In fact, these agents cause more side effects, such as dehydration, metaboHc alkalosis, etc, and therefore, should not be used except in situations where rapid elimination of duid volume is cleady indicated. 

Equity is available from two sources. First, the company can sell new stock which, if in the form of ordinary shares, carries no interest payment. Although this course appears cheap, its use for projects which do not increase earnings, at least to a compensatory level, is usually inadvisable. This leaves retained earnings as the most likely source of equity for the present project. 

The globin fold has been used to study evolutionary constraints for maintaining structure and function. Evolutionary divergence is primarily constrained by conservation of the hydrophobicity of buried residues. In contrast, neither conserved sequence nor size-compensatory mutations in the hydrophobic core are important. Proteins adapt to mutations in buried residues by small changes of overall structure that in the globins involve movements of entire helices relative to each other. 

This additionally assumes no change in weather conditions or compensatory diffusion/dispersion within the atmosphere. 

Compensatory effects or early effects of dubious significance, without adverse health consequences... 

In this scheme, OELs should be a dose somewhere between compensatory effects, in which the organism is able to detoxify, metabolize, or excrete the substance, and early impairment. Although there may be profound differences of opinion as to what constitutes this dose, this approach leads to the conclusion that available scientific data permits identification of a clear threshold dose below which exposure to the substance in question is not expected to lead to adverse effects. 

In premenopausal women the ovary is the richest source of aromatase and hence estrogen. Aromatase is confined to the granulosa cells and is produced under the influence of gonadotropins (FSH and LH). Despite being a rich source of aromatase, three separate studies have shown that aromatase inhibitors are unable to sufficiently suppress ovarian estrogen production to postmenopausal levels. One explanation for this phenomenon may be a compensatory rise in gonadotrophins which maintains adequate estrogen production, despite the presence of the inhibitor. As such aromatase inhibitors cannot be used in premenopausal breast cancer patients. After menopause, ovarian... 

Fast DHP-induced lowering of blood pressure results in compensatory sympathetic activation and a subsequent increase in heart rate and cardiac oxygen demand. This unfavorable effect has been mainly associated with the use of short-acting DHPs, such as nonretarded formulations of nifedipine, nitrendipine, or... 

Mice lacking the al subunit have also been generated, as well as mice lacking the (32 subunit. Given the fact that these are the most abundant a and (3 subunits respectively, it is surprizing that these animals survive, presumably indicating the presence of compensatory mechanisms. 

Neurotransmitter Transporters. Figure 3 Dopamine turnover at a presynaptic nerve terminal, (a) Dopamine is produced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). When secretory vesicles are filled, they join the releasable pool of vesicles at the presynaptic membrane. Upon exocytosis, the diffusion of released dopamine is limited by reuptake via DAT. (b) If DAT is inactive, dopamine spreads in the cerebrospinal fluid but cannot accumulate in secretory vesicles. This results in a compensatory increase of dopamine hydroxylase activity and a higher extracellular dopamine level mice with inactive DAT are hyperactive. 

The adrenergic dragp are important in the care and treatment of patients in shock. Shock is defined as a life-threatening condition of inadequate perfusion. In shock, there is an inadequate supply of arterial blood flow and oxygen delivery to the cells and tissues. The body initiates compensatory mechanisms to counteract the symptoms of shock (eg, the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine), hi some situations, the body is able to compensate and blood pressure is maintained. However, if shock is untreated and compensatory mechanisms of the body fail, irreversible shock occurs and... 

Various clinical manifestations may be present in a patient in shock. For example, in the early stages of shock the extremities may be warm because compensatory mechanisms are initiated and the blood flow to the skin and extremities is maintained. If the condition is untreated, the skin and extremities become cool and clammy because of the failure of the compensatory mechanisms and the progression of shock. Thus, more advanced shock may be referred to as... 

The body activates the neurohormonal compensatory mechanisms, which result in ... 

Asmathbanu I, Kaliwal BB. 1997. Temporal effect of methyl parathion on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, follicular dynamics and estrous cycle in hemicastrated albino rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 8 237-254. 

Dhondup P, Kaliwal BB. 1997. Inhibition of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy by the administration of methyl parathion in hemicastrated albino rats. Reprod Toxicol 11 77-84. 

This decrease in viral replication can be partially restored by mutations elsewhere in the HBV polymerase. For instance, the rtL180M change not only increases the level of lamivudine resistance, but also partially restores the decreased RC of the rtM204V variant. Other mutations that have been described to act as compensatory... 

As for HIV, the selection of HCV drug resistant variants can be accompanied by a decrease in RC. For HCV protease inhibitor resistant variants, the level of resistance seems to be inversely related to viral fitness (Sarrazin et al. 2007 Tong et al. 2006 Yi et al. 2006). There is some evidence that viral RC can be restored by the selection of compensatory mutations within the protease gene (Sarrazin et al. 2007 Tong et al. 2006 Yi et al. 2006). However, further research is warranted to investigate to what extent viral fitness can be restored and by which mutations. Also for the nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors, the selection of resistance results in a fitness defect. It remains to be investigated whether or not compensatory mutations can be selected. 

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