Compensatory transferability

Compensatory transferability is widespread and found even when each group undergoes nontrivial changes. For example, the... 

Secondly, if a given j-th ion is the only mobile species (permselectivity without solvent transfer), 4>j is zero throughout the redox transformation. Furthermore, >j must also be zero throughout the transformation. The latter is a much more stringent test, since it can detect compensatory transfers of species with different mobility. 

The phosphatidylcholine in bile is synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte and must be transported to the canalicular membrane. One possibility involves the nonspecific phosphatidylcholine transfer protein but a mouse null for this protein did not show reduced phosphatidylcholine secretion into bile and there was no compensatory increase in other phospholipids transfer proteins. However, the plasma membrane would receive a ready supply of phospholipid by insertion of vesicles, and the MDR3 protein translocates this molecule from the inner leafiet to the outer surface where there is contact with bile acids, as suggested by Smit and colleagues. The role of this transporter is shown in Figure 2.2. 

The effect of unwanted reactions may be compensatory. For example, both chain transfer to monomer and initiation by H20 increase the number of macromolecules (N) and give rise to lower than theoretical molecular weights whereas slow initiation broadens MWD, since N is smaller than the initiator concentration I0 and not constant. 

The need for compensation will depend in part on the pattern of benefits of the program to be reformed—that is, who it reached and how important the program was to them. In the case of food subsidy reforms, the poor often receive a low share of the absolute benefits, but these low benefits are nonetheless an improvement in their welfare. Sometimes, however, the poor have benefited little from the subsidy to be reduced, for example, if electricity were subsidized but the poor were not connected to the grid. An indirect feature of the needs assessment (see chapter 9 for guidance on how to carry out a needs assessment) concerns the political economy of reform. Is there consensus on the need for reform or not Who opposes it and why Would a compensatory targeted cash transfer help make the reform more acceptable ... 

Where a poverty-based cash transfer program is already in place, introducing compensatory measures may be simpler. Jamaica already had a progressively targeted food stamp program in operation in 1995, thus when the government eliminated kerosene subsidies, it was able to boost the value of the food stamp benefit as a compensatory measure for the poor and did not have to mount a separate program. 

The compensation policies for which this book is pertinent are mostly cash transfers or near cash transfers such as food stamps or heating vouchers. Other compensatory mechanisms, such as lifeline utility pricing for low-volume users or training programs for workers laid off from state enterprise reform, are common elements accompanying such reforms, but are outside the scope of this book. 

These results are difficult to interpret but they do lead to interesting h>yotheses. Since the RC has been symmetrized, one possibility is second site mutations in either subunit could produce similar effects that stabilize the RC structure. A speculative but more interesting possibility is that the symmetrization of the RC causes the two chromophore branches to have the same potential for electron transfer. If the two chromophore branches in the RC are structurally and functionally similar in these helix exchange mutants, either branch could be activated by a secondary mutation. Because of the symmetry, a compensatory mutation activating the A-branch would be homologous to a mutation that activates the B-branch. Future experiments will be aimed at detecting such aberrant electron transfer in these mutants. 

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