Damages compensatory

EXCLUSIONS EROM COMPENSATORY DAMAGES— Compensatory damages awarded under this section shall not include backpay, interest on backpay, or any other type of relief authorized under section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 

Compensation or indemnity which may be recovered in a judicial or quasi-judicial forum by a party who has suffered loss, damage, or injury, whether to person or property, through the unlawful act, breach of contract, omission, or negligence of another. Damages, Compensatory... 

Overproduction of free radicals by erythrocytes and leukocytes and iron overload result in a sharp increase in free radical damage in T1 patients. Thus, Livrea et al. [385] found a twofold increase in the levels of conjugated dienes, MDA, and protein carbonyls with respect to control in serum from 42 (3-thalassemic patients. Simultaneously, there was a decrease in the content of antioxidant vitamins C (44%) and E (42%). It was suggested that the iron-induced liver damage in thalassemia may play a major role in the depletion of antioxidant vitamins. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes were elevated in (3-thalassemic children compared to controls together with compensatory increase in SOD activity [386]. The development of lipid peroxidation in thalassemic erythrocytes probably depends on a decrease in reduced glutathione level and decreased catalase activity [387]. 

Neonatal brain damage results in compensatory plasticity 524... 

There are two important structural processes in which the brain and spinal cord regain function after damage, i.e. regeneration and compensatory plasticity (Fig. 30-1). In regeneration, the cut axon begins to regrow from the... 

Neonatal brain damage results in compensatory plasticity. Although, without intervention, axonal growth in the injured adult CNS is limited, the immature CNS responds to injury with a remarkable rerouting of neuronal pathways from undamaged areas to re-innervate... 

The term toxicodynamics means the process of interaction of chemical substances with target sites and the subsequent reactions leading to adverse effects. The toxicodynamic effect is driven by the concentration at the effect site(s) directly or indirectly and may be reversed or modified by several factors such as repair mechanisms for DNA damage and compensatory cell proliferation (EC 2003). 

Whereas aliphatic acids can produce permanent shoot and tiller damage, when the acids are removed from the growth medium, root growth can be promoted (8), presunably by compensatory action. 

The kidney has a marked ability to compensate for tissue damage and loss, and consequently, unless it is evaluated immediately, nephrotoxic effects may not be recognized. Similarly, chronic toxicity may not be detected because of this compensatory ability. 

Tort law is a branch of the civil law that awards damages for violations of societal norms. By an award of compensatory damages, tort law seeks to... 

Kuhn HG, Palmer TD, Fuchs E (2001) Adult neurogenesis a compensatory mechanism for neuronal damage. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 251 152-158 Larsson E, Mandel RJ, Klein RL, Muzyczka N, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z (2002) Suppression of insult-induced neurogenesis in adult rat brain by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Exp Neurol 177 1-8... 

The four mechanisms listed above involve direct interaction of a toxicant with a receptor in such cases, the toxicant-receptor interaction is likely to be involved in the mechanism of action. In many cases, toxicants may affect receptor function indirectly. For example, in the nervous system, decreases in synaptic transmission (by receptor blockade or damage to a neuron) may lead to increases in the number of receptors on the target neuron (so-called upregulation). This is often felt to be one of the compensatory mechanisms by which the nervous system responds to such perturbation. Conversely, increases in synaptic transmission (e.g., by long-term receptor activation) may lead to compensatory decreases (downregulation) in receptor number. The techniques by which such mechanisms are studied are described later in this chapter. It should be noted that the availability of molecular probes now permits evaluation not only of the characteristics of the binding sites, but also of the expression of the mRNA for the receptor(s) under study. 

The observation that there was a compensatory increase in the activity of CuZnSOD in the Mn-deficient mice exposed to 03 suggests that the increase in the activities of this enzyme is in part substrate-induced, and strongly supports the hypothesis that the increase in lung SOD activity is an important response to 03 exposure. Thus if the net increase in lung SOD activity is limited by the nutritional status of the animal, then excessive lung damage may occur due to free radical-initiated peroxidations. 

Clinical signs of chronic renal failure primarily include (1) edema due to reduced renal perfusion leading to stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, which stimulates aldosterone secretion leading to retention of sodium and water, (2) hypocalcemia with compensatory parathyroid activity and osteodystrophy, and (3) reduced red blood cell counts due to decreased synthesis of erythropoietin as a result of damage to the juxtaglomerular cells. 

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