Comparison with MRI

Since then, and despite their common ancestry, the fields of EPRI and MRI have diverged considerably. MRI is now a multi-million-dollar industry, with 

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Volume 18 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002 

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Localized NMR spectroscopy, which is often called as MRS in comparison with MRI, is not so familiar technique in food science, because a specific pulse sequence such as ISIS and a facility which can precisely follow the pulse sequence without any contamination from other position is needed for localization of position. The localized NMR is usually used together with NMR imaging. The study of solid/liquid ratios, fat structure and polymorphism and the kinetics of fat crystallization was reviewed [24], The potential of applications in food process development and control was offered. The localized spectra of sausages in areas of 0.3 mm X 0.05 mm (thickness of sample =1.5 mm) were obtained by the spin echo 2DFT method [113], in which the difference in the tissue structure was discussed with relation to the process and original materials. McCarthy et al. determined mobility of water in foams by using a localized spectroscopy [114]. T2 relaxation time varies in the foam as function of diameter and its variation was analyzed by the classic 2-state fast exchange model. 

As far as applications of XDI, the comparison with MRI is illuminating. MRI has from its beginnings found a ready application for soft-tissue imaging in diagnostic radiology, driven by the powerful market forces at work in the health-care sector. 

Endo H, Inoue T, Ogasawara K, Fukuda T, Kanbara Y, Qgawa A. Quantitative assessment of cerebral hemodynamics using perfusion-weighted MRI in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive disease comparison with positron emission tomography. Stroke 2006 37 388-392. 

Fig. 4.7.9 MRI apparent viscosity-shear rate data in comparison with a conventional rotational viscometer shear viscosity-shear rate data. (Permission granted to reprint Figure 4 on page 517 in Ref. [49].)...

Volumetric and morphological brain measurements are made with MRI. Modern MRI can produce detailed, high-contrast images of the entire brain in relatively short scan times with no invasive procedures or radioactivity. Thus, it is the modality of choice for detailed neuroanatomic studies in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Many groups have addressed the challenge of how to quantify subtle structural characteristics in the brain that appear to differ consistently between comparison groups. Methods such... 

Comparison with Ultrasonography. The health care community is aw are of the high costs of MRI and continues to seek other techniques that may be effective at lower cost. One such comparison was made in connection with prostate cancer. The approach to treatment varies and depends on the extent of cancer at the time of diagnosis. 

Hazle JD, Narayana PA, Dunsford HA (1991) In vivo NMR, biochemical, and histologic evaluation of alcohol-induced fatty liver in rat and a comparison with CC14 hepatotoxic-ity. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 19 124-135 Hockings PD, Busza AL, Byrne J et al. (2003a) Validation of MRI measurement of cardiac output in the dog The effects of dobutamine and minoxidil. Toxicology Mechanisms Methods 13 39-43... 

Schellinger PD, Jansen O, Fiebach JB et al (1999). A standardized MRI stroke protocol comparison with CT in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 30 765-768 Schellinger PD, Thomalla G, Fiehler J et al (2007). MRI-based and CT-based thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke within and beyond established time windows an analysis of 1210 patients. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance is a physical phenomenon that lies at the heart of both NMR spectroscopy and MRI. However, these two technologies differ in their applications, and while NMR spectroscopy is widely adopted for identification and characterization of biomolecules, MRI is used for non-invasive visualization (imaging) of the inside of living organisms. In order to understand these technologies it is important to consider their historical development and draw comparisons with other related techniques. 

Knopp, M.V., Bourne, M.W., Sardanelli, R, et al, (2003) Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI of the breast analysis of dose response and comparison with gadopentetate dimeglumine. American Journal of... 

A variety of neuroanatomic differences have been observed in samples of autistic patients in comparison with controls. This topic has been reviewed in recent publications [43-45]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show that by 2-4 years of age, 90% of autistic children have an abnormal early brain overgrowth followed by abnormally slowed growth [45, 46]. The most common finding has been hyperplasia of cerebral gray matter and cerebral and cerebellar white matter in the early life of autistic patients [46]. 

Neuropathological studies in autistic brains have also demonstrated smaller neuronal size and increased cell packing density in the hippocampus, another limbic system structure. The morphology of hippocampal neurons in two cases of infantile autism was studied and investigators found smaller cells with reduced perikaryon area and dendritic branching in comparison with neurons of age-matched control children [63], This result is consonant with MRI results evidencing a smaller area dentata of the hippocampus in autistic children from 2 to 4 years [64]. However, the density and distribution of some 5-HT receptors in the hippocampus were not statistically different between autistic children and controls [65]. 

Current data indicate that the reliability of contrast-enhanced sonography is still limited for liver tumors smaller than 2.5 cm diameter and lesions smaller than 1 cm can not be reliably characterized with this method [40]. In comparison with CT and especially with liver-specific MRI the value of contrast-enhanced sonography in daily practice is at present not firmly established, especially with regard to very small lesions. Moreover, the technique is still not as widely accessible as gray-scale B-mode ultrasound, since the technical equipment to perform contrast-enhanced ultrasound is not broadly available and a specific training of the examiner is necessary. Therefore, at present this method is rather a valuable add-on to CT and MRI than a substitute for either CT or MRI on a regular basis. 

Wong CY, Salem R, Raman S, Gates VL, Dworkin HJ (2002) Evaluating Y-glass microsphere treatment response of unresectable colorectal liver metastases by [18FJFDG PET a comparison with CT or MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 815-820... 

Vogt FM, Herborn CU, Hunold P, Lauenstein TC, Schroder T, Debatin JF, Barkhausen J (2004) HASTE MRI versus chest radiography in the detection of pulmonary nodules comparison with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 71-78... 

Maubon A, Berger V, Aubas P et al (1999) Abdominal and pelvic segmented T1-weighted echo-planar imaging and MRI. Comparison with Tl-TSE and T2-UTSE sequences. 

Low RN, Semelka RC, Worawattanakul S et al (1999) Extra-hepatic abdominal imaging in patients with malignancy comparison of MRI and helical CT with subsequential surgical correlation. Radiology 210 625-632... 

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