Infantile autism

Campbell, M., and Plij, M. (1985) Behavioral and cognitive measures used in psychopharmacological studies of infantile autism. Psy-chopharmacol Bull 21 1047-1053. 

Ciarenello, R.D., Vanderberg, S.R., and Anders TF. (1982) Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of neuronal development relevance to infantile autism./Autism Dev Disorders 12 115-145. 

Leboyer, M., Bouvard, M.P., and Dugas, M. (1988) Effects of naltrexone on infantile autism [letter]. Lancet 1 715. 

Leboyer, M., Bouvard, M.P., Launay, J., Tabuteau, E, Waller, D., Dugas, M., Kerdelhue, B., Lensing, P., and Panksepp, J. (1992) Brief report a double-blind study of naltrexone in infantile autism. / Autism Dev Disord 22 309-319. 

Marchetti, B., Scifo, R., Batticane, N., and Scapagnini, U. (1990) Immunological significance of opioid peptide dysfunction in infantile autism. Brain Dysfunction 3 346-354. 

Ross, D.L., Klykylo, W.M., and Hitzemann, R. (1987) Reduction of elevated CSF P-endorphin by fenfluramine in infantile autism. Pe-diatr Neurol 3 83-86. 

Gillberg, C. (1984) Infantile autism and other childhood psychoses in a Swedish urban region. Epidemiological aspects. / Child Psychol Psychiatry 25 35-43. 

Gillberg, C. and Steffenburg, S. (1987) Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions a population-based study of 46 cases followed through puberty. / Autism Dev Dis 17 273-287. 

Carlsson, M.L. (1998) Hypothesis is infantile autism a hypogluta-matergic disorder Relevance of glutamate-serotonin intetactions for pharmacotherapy. / Neural Transm 105 525—535. 

Neuroleptic drugs have been prescribed for children in the treatment of psychotic disorders, Tourette s syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, behavioral and psychiatric complications of mental retardation, and pervasive developmental disorders, for example infantile autism (580,581). 

Two studies suggested a link between measles/MMR immunization and autism. Fudenberg reported that 15 of 40 patients with infantile autism developed symptoms within a week after MMR immunization (487). Wakefield and colleagues evaluated 12 children with chronic enterocolitis and regressive developmental disorders (470). The onset of behavioral symptoms was associated with MMR immunization in eight cases, as reported by the parents. Both reports were non-comparative and anecdotal. By chance alone some cases of autism will occur shortly after immunization, and most children in developed countries receive their first measles or MMR vaccination in the second year of life, when autism typically manifests. The imprecision of the interval between immunization and the onset of behavioral symptoms in the study by Wakefield and colleagues made these data suspect, even before their retraction. 

Sanua VD. Is infantile autism a universal phenomenon An open question. Int JSoc Psychiatry 1984 30(3) 163-77. 

Tanoue Y, Oda S, Asano F, Kawashima K. Epidemiology of infantile autism in southern Ibaraki, Japan Differences in prevalence in birth cohorts. J Autism Dev Disord 1988 18(2)455-66. 

Hultman CM, Sparen P, Cnattingius S. Perinatal factors for infantile autism. Epidemiology2002 13(4) 417 23. 

Folstein, SE and Rutter, M (1977) Infantile autism a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 18 297-321. 

Tordjman S, Ferrari P (1992) Testosterone and infantile Autism. Presented at WAPID Fifth World Congress, Chicago. 

Bauman ML, Kemper TL (1985) Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology 35 866-874. 

Bettelheim B (1967) The empty fortress infantile autism and the birth of the self New York The Free Press. 

Kemper TL, Bauman ML (1998) Neuropathology of infantile autism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol... 

Askalan R, Mackay M, Brian J, Otsubo H, McDermott C, Bryson S, Boyd J, Carter S, Roberts W, Weiss S (2003) Prospective preliminary analysis of the development of autism and epilepsy in children with infantile autism. J Child Neurol 18 165-170. 

Launay J-M, Bursztejn C, Ferrari P, Dreux C, Braconnier A, Zarifian E, Lancrenon S, Fermanian J (1987) Catecholamines metabolism in infantile autism a controlled study of 22 autistic children. J Autism Devel Disord 17 333-347. 

Martineau J, Barthelemy C, Jouve J, Muh J-P, Lelord G (1992) Monoamines (serotonin and catecholamines) and their derivatives in infantile autism age-related changes and drug effects. Devel Med Child Neurol 34 593-603. 

Rumsey JM, Hamburger SD (1988) Neuropsychological findings in high-functioning men with infantile autism, residual state. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 10 201-221. 

Anderson LT, Campbell M, Grega DM, Perry R, SmaU AM, Green WH (1984) Haloperidol in the treatment of infantile autism effects on learning and behavioral symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 141 1195-1202. 

CampbeU M (1975) Pharmacotherapy in early infantile autism. Biol Psychiatry 10 399 23. 

Deutsch SI (1986) Rationale for the administration of opiate antagonists in treating infantile autism. Am 1 Ment Defic 90 631-635. 

D Eufemia etal.77 reported that there was a significantly lower serum tryptophan to large neutral amino acids ratio in children with idiopathic infantile autism than in control children. Their findings suggest that a low brain tryptophan availability due to a low serum tryptophan to large neutral amino acids ratio could be one of the possible mechanisms involved in the alteration of serotonergic function in autism. 

D Eufemia, P., Finocchiaro, R., Celli, M., Viozzi, L., Monteleone, D., and Giardini, O., Low serum tryptophan to large neutral amino acids ratio in idiopathic infantile autism, Biomed. Pharmacother., 49, 288, 1995. 

Neuropathological studies in autistic brains have also demonstrated smaller neuronal size and increased cell packing density in the hippocampus, another limbic system structure. The morphology of hippocampal neurons in two cases of infantile autism was studied and investigators found smaller cells with reduced perikaryon area and dendritic branching in comparison with neurons of age-matched control children [63], This result is consonant with MRI results evidencing a smaller area dentata of the hippocampus in autistic children from 2 to 4 years [64]. However, the density and distribution of some 5-HT receptors in the hippocampus were not statistically different between autistic children and controls [65]. 

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