Neuropathological studies

PulsineUi WA, Waldman S, Rawhnson D, Plum F. Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage a neuropathologic study in the rat. Neurology 1982 32(11) 1239-1246. 

Bartonicek VJ, Brun A. 1970. Subacute and chronic trichloroethylene poisoning A neuropathological study in rabbits. Acta Pharm Toxicol 28 359-369. 

Neuropathologic studies in animals with experimental thiamine deficiency consistently show early damage to glial cells rather than neurons. Studies in human patients with Wernicke s encephalopathy likewise show changes in astroglia, together with microglial proliferation, which is... 

He F Lu B, Zhang S, et ah Chronic allyl chloride poisoning. An epidemiology clinical, toxicological and neuropathological study. G Ital Med Lav 7 5-15, 1985... 

Harrison PJ, Eastwood SL. 2001. Neuropathological studies of synaptic connectivity in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Hippocampus 11 508-519. 

Bruton CJ, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Johnstone EC, Owens DG, et al. 1990. Schizophrenia and the brain A prospective clin-ico-neuropathological study. Psychol Med 20(2) 285-304. 

Harata N, Iwasaki Y (1995) Evidence for early blood-brain btirrier breakdown in experimental thiamine deficiency in the mouse. Metab Brain Dis 10(2) 159-174 Harper CG (1983) The incidence of Wernicke s encephalopathy in Australia A neuropathological study of 131 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46 593-598 Harper CG, Butterworth RF (1997) Nutritional and metabolic disorders. In Graham DI, Lantos PL (eds) Greenfield s neuropathology. Arnold, London, pp 601-655 Hayton SM, Kriss T, Wase A, Muller DP (2006) Effects on neural function of repleting vitamin E-deflcient rats with alpha-tocopherol. J Neurophysiol 95(4) 2553-2559 Hayton SM, MuUer DP (2004) Vitamin E in neural and visual function. Ann N Y Acad Sd 1031 263-270... 

Harper C (1979) Wernicke s encephalopathy a more common disease than realised. A neuropathological study of51 cases. JoumalofNeurology Neurosurgery andPsychiatry 42, 226-31. 

As described in the previous sections, neuropathological studies demonstrated alterations in the levels of several synaptic proteins in the PFC, hippocampus, and cerebellum of patients with schizophrenia (13, 15, 53). These observations have lead to the hypothesis that the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia are manifestations of abnormal neural circuitry and dysfunctional communication between different brain regions (22, 51). These abnormalities affect multiple neurotransmitter systems. Although dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia is widely accepted, a growing body of evidence suggests the involvement of glutamate, GABA, and other neurotransmitters in schizophrenia. 

NMDA receptor dysfunction has been characterized in different brain regions of patients with schizophrenia. Neuropathological studies revealed altered expression of receptor subunits in... 

Matsumoto H, Koya G, Takeuchi T. 1965. Fetal Minamata disease a neuropathological study of two cases of intrauterine intoxication by a methylmercury compound. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24 563-574. 

Iseki E, Kato M, Marui W, Ueda K, Kosaka K. 2001. A neuropathological study of the disturbance of the nigro-amygdaloid connections in brains from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Sci 185 129-134. 

The following section explores the five areas most consistently found to be abnormal in postmortem studies of autistic brains - amygdala, septal nucleus, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum - and discusses their hypothetical relationship to emotional and interpersonal psychopathology in autism. Note that other brain areas, which are inconsistently abnormal in neuropathological studies, may express inconsistent associated symptoms, variations in psychopathological subtypes, or inconsequential anomalies and are not discussed in this section. 

This chapter has selected limbic and cerebellar structures that have consistently been found in neuropathological studies to be abnormal in autism, and attempted to formulate a theoretical model or hypothesis about how these abnormalities correlate... 

Kemper T. Bauman ML.(1993) The contribution of neuropathologic studies to the understanding of autism. In Behavioral Neurology, volume 11 (Brumback RA, ed), pp. 175-187. Philadelphia W B Saunders. 

Williams RS, Hauser SL, Purpura DP, DeLong GR, Swisher CN (1980) Autism and mental retardation neuropathologic studies performed in four retarded persons with autistic behavior. Arch Neurology 37 749-753. 

YamadaM, Ohno S, Okayasu I, et al. 1986. Chronic manganese poisoning A neuropathological study with determination of manganese distribution in the brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 70 273-278. 

Neuropathological studies in autistic brains have also demonstrated smaller neuronal size and increased cell packing density in the hippocampus, another limbic system structure. The morphology of hippocampal neurons in two cases of infantile autism was studied and investigators found smaller cells with reduced perikaryon area and dendritic branching in comparison with neurons of age-matched control children [63], This result is consonant with MRI results evidencing a smaller area dentata of the hippocampus in autistic children from 2 to 4 years [64]. However, the density and distribution of some 5-HT receptors in the hippocampus were not statistically different between autistic children and controls [65]. 

Muller, D.P.R. and Goss-Sampson, M.A. (1990) Neurochemical, neurophysiological and neuropathological studies in vitamin E deficiency. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 5 239-265. 

Drevets WC. Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of depression implications for the cognitive-emotional features of mood disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001 11 240-249. 

Meng, J. S., Okeda, R., 2003. Neuropathological study of the role of mast cells and histaminepositive neurons in selective vulnerability of the thalamus and inferior colliculus in thiamine-deficient encephalopathy. Neuropathology. 23, 25-35. 

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