Neuroanatomical studies

The data presented in this chapter provide strong evidence, from both neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies, demonstrating that, following in vivo administration of a number of methylenedioxy-substituted amphetamine derivatives, there is widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons in brain, without any major or consistent effects on catecholamine neurons. A detailed examination of the parameters involved in the neurotoxic and neurodegencrative effects of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons indicates that ... 

Boissard, R., Gervasoni, D., Schmidt, M. H. et al (2002). The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical sleep onset and maintenance a combined microinjection and functional neuroanatomical study. Eur. J. Neurosci 16, 1959-73. 

Hajos, M., Richards, C. D., Szekely, A. D. Sharp, T. (1998). An electrophysiological and neuroanatomical study of the medial prefrontal cortical projection to the midbrain raphe nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience 87, 95 108. 

Volumetric and morphological brain measurements are made with MRI. Modern MRI can produce detailed, high-contrast images of the entire brain in relatively short scan times with no invasive procedures or radioactivity. Thus, it is the modality of choice for detailed neuroanatomic studies in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Many groups have addressed the challenge of how to quantify subtle structural characteristics in the brain that appear to differ consistently between comparison groups. Methods such... 

Golgi, in early neuroanatomical studies (1898) staining neurones by silver impregnation, observed a reticular apparatus which was crescent shaped and appeared to be linked through canaliculi. The structure was also seen in secretory cells. Between 1949 and 1954, Baker reported the presence of similar systems in unfixed cells examined by phase contrast. The structures could be stained by osmium tetroxide and probably contained lipid. They also stained for glycoprotein and alkaline phosphatase. Baker s confirmation of the existence of the... 

The working assumption that the striatal system is only involved with extrapyramidal function (e.g., parkinsonian side effects, dystonias, and TD) and that the mesolimbic or mesocortical systems are only involved with psychosis may be an oversimplification. Many of the neuroanatomical studies on the identified dopaminergic tracts are done with rats. In the monkey, by contrast, there are many more DA tracts that are either absent in the rat or at least markedly different human systems could be different from the rat s or monkey s. Understanding the neuropharmacology of the antipsychotics is further complicated, given that neither the mesolimbic-mesocortical nor the striatal systems are homogeneous but may also include various subsystems. 

Jeste DV, LohrJB, Goodwin FK. Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders. A review and suggestions for further research. Br J Psychiatry 1988 153 444-459. 

Thevarkunnel S, Martchek MA, Kemper TL, Bauman ML, Blatt GJ (2004) A neuroanatomical study of the brainstem nuclei in autism. Abstract presented at Soc Neurosci 2004, Abstract No. 1028.10. 

Joseph, S.A. (1990) Immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin in rat brain a neuroanatomical study using antiserum generated against synthetic ACTH 1-39. Am. J. Anat. 158 533-548. 

Ernst, K.D., Boeckh, J., Boeckh, V. A neuroanatomical study of the organization of the central antennal pathways in insects. Cell Tissue Res. 329, 143-162 (1977)... 

Most of what is known about crustacean chemoreception is in the context of food detection and ingestion only very little is known in other behavioral contexts, such as predator avoidance, orientation in the habitat, interactions with symbiotic partners, or intraspecific communication by pheromones. From recent behavioral and neuroanatomical studies, two important concepts about pheromone reception in crustaceans have emerged ... 

Neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies have selectively labeled the central projections of chemosensitive libers caudally to the obex within the NTS in cats and rats, whereas barosensory libers project rostral to the obex (57-59). The NTS, which contains the premotor neurons of the dorsal respiratory group (60), is now recognized as the major projection site of chemosensory libers. Neurons of caudal NTS with carotid chemoreceptor inputs project onto the ventrolateral medulla (61) that contains the premotor neurons of the ventral respiratory group (60). 

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