Effect cocoon

In these experiments, carried out statically under one atmosphere of carbon dioxide, only basic lead carbonate was detected. Basic lead azide and normal lead carbonate were not obscncd by X-ray diffraction [48]. This is probably due to a "cocoon effect," with basic lead azide surrounding the kernel center, basic lead carbonate as an intermediate layer, and a thin outer skin of the normal carbonate. It seems likely that in preparation of the sample for X-ray diffraction analysis the basic lead carbonate masked the normal lead carbonate below the X-ray diffraction detection threshold, as noted by Todd [49]. 

Earthworm, Aporrectodea caiignosa cocoons exposed to aqueous solutions of copper chloride at 0-20 mg Cu/L for 14 days at 20°C and 100% relative humidity, and then to either desiccation or frost for 14 days No adverse effects at 6 and 12 mg Cu/L. At 20 mg Cu/L, none survived at -3°C and 95% survived at 0°C embryos contained up to 200 mg Cu/kg DW — comparable to concentrations found in various earthworm tissues from copper-contaminated soils 18... 

Adults held in soil containing as much as 300 mg Cu/kg DW for 3 weeks resultant cocoons incubated in uncontaminated soil for 5 weeks to assess hatchability No adverse effects on cocoon production or hatchability in soil containing 60-120 mg Cu/kg DW adult growth retarded during exposure at 300 mg/kg DW 10... 

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) held in soils containing 53 mg Cu/kg DW show a 50% reduction in cocoon production in 56 days 32 mg Cu/kg soil had no effect on cocoon production (Spurgeon et al. 1994). The LC50 (56 days) value for earthworms is 555 mg Cu/kg DW soil no deaths occur at 210 mg/kg soil during this period. Copper is more toxic to Eisenia fetida than are salts of cadmium, zinc, or lead (Spurgeon et al. 1994). Copper adversely affects the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Ma 1984). Concentrations of 150 mg Cu/kg surface soil from an accidental spill of copper... 

Holmstrup, M., B.F. Petersen, and M.M. Larsen. 1998. Combined effects of copper, desiccation, and frost on the viability of earthworm cocoons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 897-901. 

Silkworm, Bombyx morr, eggs, acute single exposure of 2, 5, or 10 Gy At 2 Gy, an average increase of 23% in larval mass, cocoon shell weight, and silk production no stimulatory effect at 5 Gy at 10 Gy, larval development inhibited 2... 

While the above observation is interesting and could possibly have some implications for the control of the pink bollworm, the complexity of the steroid nucleus of ponasterone A and other molting hormone analogs and their weak insecticidal effect when applied topically or administered orally to most species of economically important insects may preclude their commercialization. The only commercial use of the molting hormone analogs thus far has been in the sericultural industry for the synchronization of cocoon spinning of silkworm colonies (17). 

Gunn A. and J.W. Sadd (1994). The effect of ivermectin on the survival, behavior and cocoon production of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Pedobiologia 38 327-333. 

Unhatched cocoons are boiled to dissolve the gum holding them together. This has the unfortunate effect of killing the animal inside. One cocoon can yield from BOO to 1600 yards of fiber. 

Growing shoots wilt and die. Cause Oriental fruit moth larvae. Slit the stem below the wilted portion and look for a pinkish white, A" caterpillar—the larva of an oriental fruit moth. Larvae tunnel into shoots and remain for 2 weeks before leaving to pupate for 10 days in cocoons suspended in trees. Larvae from later generations bore into and ruin fruit. Use pheromone traps to monitor and control the pests. Mating disruption pheromones, such as Isomate-M, are also effective. Replace them every 90 days throughout the growing season. For heavy infestations, spray superior oil to smother eggs and larvae. 

The effects of nitramine EM on soil invertebrates are summarized in Table 3.3. Studies with RDX or HMX showed no adverse effect on survival of adult earthworms Eisenia fetida Savigny up to 500 mg kg-1 in artificial soil or in natural soils [41,42], Survival of adult E. andrei Bouche was unaffected up to 756 mg kg1 RDX in artificial soil in a study by Robidoux et al. [43], These authors [43] observed significant adverse effects of RDX on the reproduction (productivity of hatched cocoons and juveniles number of juveniles per hatched cocoon) at 189 mg kg-1 and on production of juveniles (total number, mass, and number per cocoon) at 95 mg kg1. Schafer and Achazi [44] reported no effects on mortality and reproduction of enchytraeid worm (potworm) Enchytraeus albidus Henle and collembola Folsomia Candida Willem... 

The natural ecosystem maintains a delicate balance between pests and predators. Pest insects can be controlled by the artificial release of predators. One example is a parasitic wasp, Diadegma insulare. The adult female wasp lays eggs in a Plutella xylostella larva and pupates inside the cocoon of the mature larva. This and other insect predators are available commercially, but the usage is limited. Protozoa and nematodes are also used in insect pest control. One example of a protozoan that effectively infects locusts and controls the population is Nosema locustae. A commercially available nematode insect control agent is Steinemema carpocapsae. This nematode parasitizes scarab larvae with a symbiotic Photorhabdus bacterium that produces insecticidal toxins. 

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) held in soils containing 53.0 mg Cu/kg DW show a 50% reduction in cocoon production in 56 days 32.0 mg Cu/kg soil had no effect on cocoon... 

The pitfalls and drawbacks that paved the path of Orimulsion development (59) clearly indicate that our knowledge is still too encapsulated in a protective cocoon, and that a lot of work has to be dedicated to real— world formulation engineering aspects such as the scale up of emulsification fluid—mechanical conditions, and the puzzling relationship between formulation, composition, and stirring effects. 

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