Insect control agent

Roush, RT and Scott, JG Cornell University Define the molecular basis for insect resistance to traditional and novel insect control agents, including endrin. 

Extracts of plants have been used as insecticides by humans since before the time of the Romans. Some of these extracts have yielded compounds useful as sources (e.g., pyrethrins, rotenoids, alkaloids), others as models (e.g., pyrethrins, physostigmine) of commercial insecticides. Recent technological advances which facilitate the isolation and identification of the bioactive constituents of plants should ensure the continued usefulness of plant compounds in commercial insect control, both as sources and models of new insect control agents and also as components in host plant resistance mechanisms. The focus in this paper will be on several classes of compounds, including limonoids, chromenes, ellagitannins, and methyl ketones, which were found to be components of the natural defenses of both wild and cultivated plants and which may be useful in commercial insect control. 

However, the acctimulated Information on azadirachtin, while promising, is presently much less than that needed for insecticidal product commercialization (41). The mode of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR s), formulation, and metabolism of azadirachtin are not yet well understood. Furthermore, formulation studies are required prior to product development and commercialization. Consequently, further investigations are needed before the full potential of azadirachtin as an insect control agent or insecticide can be realized. 

Plant Growth Regulators and Insect Control Agents from Marine Organisms... 

Marine fauna and flora, then, show great promise as a source of leads to new agrochemically useful plant growth regulators or insect control agents. 

The peripheral pheromone olfactory system in insects targets for species-selective insect control agents... 

Sparks, T.C., New insect control agents modes of action and selectivity (http //www.regional.org. au/au/esa/2001/03/0304sparks.htm print=l), 2001. 

Although the most numerous group of chemosterilants are the derivatives of aziridines, a large number of miscellaneous compounds were found to have some activity at least in one insect species (6, 8y 9y 11 y 12y 14y 15), Nevertheless, when chemosterilants are considered as possible insect-control agents, the aziridines are still on the top of the list, mainly because of their male-sterilizing activity which is often coupled with a female-sterilizing activity. Although in most instances the male sterilization is indispensable, the female sterilization is also of importance 10),... 

I. Kubo, Insect control agents from tropical plants, in Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Vol. 27, Phytochemical Potential of Tropical Plants (K. R. Dovmum, J. T. Romeo and H. A. Stafford, eds.), Plenum, New York, (1993) 133-151. 

The observation that both xylamine and desipramine are potent inhibitors of octopamine uptake and acetylation suggests that they, and their relatives, represent potential tools for the assessment of the suitability of these systems as a target for the development of novel insect control agents. Preliminary studies with xylamine injected into adult American cockroaches and adult tobacco budworms suggests that the activity is depressive rather than stimulatory. However, more detailed studies of the physiological and behavioral actions of these compounds are warranted. 

Biotechnical control systems are beginning to make their appearance in the agrochemical marketplace One potential commercial application of a pheromone insect control agent is that of the grape berry moth pheromone produced by Shin-Etsu Chemical Company and investigated in the field by Dennehy and Roelofs (10,11). Before petitions could be filed, it was necessary that an analytical method for the two components Z-9-dodecen-l-yl acetate and Z-11-tetradecen-l-yl acetate (Z-9-DDA and Z-ll-TDA) in and on grapes be developed, and further, that residue determinations be conducted on samples from the cited field study ... 

Ishaaya, I. 1992. 13 selective insect control agents mechanisms and agricultural importance. In Insecticides Mechanism of Action and Resistance, Otto, D. and Weber, B., Eds. Intercepts Ltd., Andover, U.K. pp. 127-134. 

Azadirachtin Azadirachtin A Margosan-0 Azatin. Isolated from the seeds of the neem tree. Used experimentally as an insect control agent. Registered by EPA as an insecticide. Crystalline powder mp... 

---