Soil invertebrates

J. Lu.ssenhop and R. Fogel, Soil invertebrates are concentrated on roots. The Rhizo-sphere und Plant Growth (D. L. Keiser and P. B. Cregan, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. 1991. p. 111. 

Overall, insecticides seriously affect invertebrates in the soil, especially insects, but affect microorganisms much less [3,6]. The most toxic OCPs for soil invertebrates are heptachlor and chlordan. They sharply decrease the numbers of almost all invertebrate groups, including insects, earthworms, and ticks [6]. 

Bioaccumulation is the process by which terrestrial organisms such as plants and soil invertebrates accumulate and concentrate pollutants from the soil. Bioaccumula-... 

Copper concentrations in terrestrial invertebrates from industrialized areas range from 137 to 408 mg/kg DW. Soil invertebrates are not likely to accumulate copper but are important in recycling copper through terrestrial food webs. Aquatic invertebrates seldom contain as much as 95 mg Cu/kg DW, regardless of collection locale. Exceptions include whole amphipods and lobster hepatopan-creas (335 to 340 mg/kg DW) from copper-contaminated sites and many species of molluscs that normally contain 1100 to 6500 mg Cu/kg DW (Table 3.3). 

Adverse effects of paraquat in sensitive species of terrestrial plants and soil microflora have been documented at application rates of 0.28 to 0.6 kg/ha (death, inhibited germination of seeds, reduced growth), at soil concentrations of 10 to 25 mg/kg (growth inhibition), and at soil-water concentrations as low as 1.6 mg/L (reduced growth, inhibited synthesis of protein and RNA). Among terrestrial invertebrates, certain species of mites were sensitive to paraquat at recommended rates of application, and the sensitive honey bee died when its diet contained 100 mg/kg. However, paraquat in soils was not accumulated by earthworms and other species of soil invertebrates after applications up to 112 kg/ha. These points, and others listed in this section, are discussed in greater detail later. 

Blair JM, Bohlen PJ, Freckman DW (1996) Soil Invertebrates as Indicators of Soil Quality. SSSA Special Pub 49 273-292... 

Assuming that the mammal or bird feeds on soil invertebrates (e.g., worm-eating birds or mammals), the simplest model to calculate an MPC based on this food web is... 

The water deficiency in Arid ecosystems is the main restricting factor for biogeochem-ical exposure processes. We know that many links of the biogeochemical food web are connected in Steppe soils with invertebrates. Their population varies very much in Steppe ecosystems depending on the moisture conditions (Table 6). For instance, the wet biomass of soil invertebrates in the Meadow Steppe and Forest Steppe ecosystems exceeds that for the Extra-Dry Rocky Desert ecosystems by 150-300 times. 

Long-term toxicity to other soil invertebrates... 

Jensen J., P.H. Krogh, and L.E. Sverdmp (2003). Effects of the antimicrobial agents tiamuhn, olanquindox and metronidazole and the anthelmintic ivermectin on the soil invertebrate species Folsomia fimetaria (Collembola) and Enchytraeus crypticus (Ench3draeidae). Chemosphere 50 437-443. 

Soil invertebrates — predatory invertebrates — terrestrial vertebrates —predatory birds or mammals... 

In addition, the diet is intended to ensure quality production of the birds rather than maximizing production, while meeting the nutritional requirements of the stock at various stages of their development. This requirement is extended in some jurisdictions to require that poultry be allowed access to pasture, a requirement based mainly on welfare rather than nutritional considerations since herbage and soil invertebrates do not constitute an important source of nutrients for poultry. 

Vijver MG. 2004. The ins and outs of bioaccumulation metal bioaccumulation kinetics in soil invertebrates in relation to availability and physiology [PhD thesis]. Amsterdam (The Netherlands) Vrije Universiteit, 179 p. 

Mayer P, Holmstrup M. 2008. Passive dosing of soil invertebrates with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons limited chemical activity explains toxicity cutoff. Environ Sci Technol 42 7516-7521. 

Maraun, M., Martens, H., Migge, S., Theenhaus, A. Scheu, S. (2003). Adding to the enigma of soil animal diversity fungal feeders and saprophagous soil invertebrates prefer similar food substrates. European Journal of Soil Biology,... 

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