Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Industrial catalysis has always been closely connected with changes in society. If we confine ourselves to the last 100 years, it is appropriate to highlight the fuel market. In this period a transition is observed from coal to oil and, more recently, to natural gas. 

Essentially, in all coal utilization processes the first step is a heating step and a variety of pyrolysis products are formed, depending on the technology. This is illustrated in Fig. 1.4 [7], 

A major application of coal was the production of coke. This process is a mild pyrolysis process and, besides coke, large quantities of coke oven gas are also produced containing many of the base materials for the chemical industry, e.g., ammonia, acetylenes and aromatics. 

In Germany, before and during the Second World War, a large amount of ethylene was produced from acetylene derived from coke oven gas. Coke ovens also provided essentially all the aromatics in Germany. Coal was also gasified, giving synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and H2. Products such as ammonia and methanol were catalytically produced from this synthesis gas. Fischer-Tropsch technology was also developed to convert synthesis gas to motor fuels. 

The extensive activity in Germany in the 40s is well illustrated by Table 1.1. 

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Utility costs vary enormously. This is especially true of fuel costs. Not only do costs vary considerably between different fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), but costs also tend to be sensitive to market fluctuations. Contractual relationships also have a significant effect on fuel costs. The price paid for fuel may depend very much on how much is purchased. 

In addition to energy and environmental outputs in each step, energy and environmental inputs from raw materials use are also included. Generally, life cycle flows include all raw materials used for extraction. Likewise, life cycle flows from intermediate energy sources such as electricity, back to the extraction of coal, oil, natural gas, limestone, and other primary resources should be included. 

It can be considered that about 20,000 kWh/yr are required to heat a typical house in developed countries. If hard coal, oil, natural gas, and LPG are used, the annual total C02 emissions are 8,280 kg C()2/yr, 6,280 kgCCVyr, 4,540 kg CCh/yr, and 5,180 kgCO/yr, respectively [17]. These data agree with those reported by Johnson [18], which are shown in Figure 3. 

For each ton of hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons, approximately 2.5 t of carbon is vented to the atmosphere [44-47], However, for each ton of hydrogen produced from current coal technology, approximately 5 t of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Principally, C02 capture and sequestration is a precondition for use of these fossil fuels. However, the sequestration necessity varies, because the relative atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratios are 1 2 4 for coal oil natural gas. There are two basic approaches to C02 sequestration either at the point of emission (in situ capture) or from the air (direct capture). In either case, C02 must be disposed off safely and permanently. With the capture and sequestration of C02, hydrogen is one path for coal, oil, and natural gas to remain viable energy resources [46]. Carbon sequestration technologies are discussed in detail in Chapter 17. 

Carbon dioxide issues in abundance from the earth, it occurs in mineral springs, it is formed during respiration of mammals and passes into the atmosphere, and is evolved in the fermentation process in the decay of org matter. It is produced commercially from the decompn of carbonates, by the combustion of carbonaceous materials such as coke, coal, oil natural gas... 

Energy carrier Problem Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear energy Renewable sources Hydrogen energy... 

We will excel in the efficient use of coal, oil, natural gas, water, minerals and other natural resources. 

On the minus side, hydrogen is not a readily accessible energy source, as are coal, oil, natural gas, sunlight, and wind.1 Hydrogen is bound up tightly in such molecules as water and natural gas, so it is expensive and energy-intensive to extract and purify. Transportation fuel cell costs in 2003 exceeded internal combustion engine... 

Hydrogen compounds are all around us in the natural world. They are found in coal, oil, natural gas, and animal and plant materials. For example, natural gas contains methane, which is a compound of hydrogen and carbon. One molecule of methane has one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen (H) atoms. The chemical term for methane is CH4. In addition, 72 percent of the surface of Earth is covered with a very common hydrogen compound—waterl (The word hydrogen comes from... 

For the first time in history there was presented a real promise of an unlimited supply of cheap energy for the whole world. Here was enough energy to dwarf the total energy of coal oil, natural gas, running water, and even uranium and... 

Energy sources Most often conventional nonrenewable energy sources coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fission Most often renewable solar, thermal, or chemical... 

Statistical data of fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas, etc) consumption, biomass (com, rice, wheat, etc) burning, metal smelting, and chemical industry production are useful foremission sources inventory. 

Unsaturated aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons have numerous biological sources. Ethylene, H2C = CH2, the simplest of the series, is emitted by green plants in substantial quantities. It has hormonal activity and has been implicated in the control of many physiological processes in plants. The natural tropospheric concentration of ethylene is very low due to its high reactivity with ozone, -OH, and other atmospheric oxidants (Robinson and Robbins, 1968), but in polluted atmospheres its concentrations can be much higher. It is a product of combustion of wood, coal, oil, natural gas, and petroleum. Elevated levels of ethylene, such as may occur in homes where coal gas is used for cooking, can be very deleterious to plants. 

Coal, oil, natural gas, electric energy, waste materials, and solar energy High vacuum (freeze drying), vacuum, atmospheric pressure, and high pressure From 10 kg/h to >100 t/h... 

Up to the middle of the twentieth century, all energy needs of mankind have been satisfied by natural kinds of fuel coal, oil, natural gas, wood, and a few others. The thermal energy, Greaco oit combustion (a chemical reaction of oxidation by... 

Starting from the shares of the primary energy sources in the primary production, the Shannon diversity index is computed for every coimtry. Five primary energy sources are considered solids (coal) oil, natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy sources. The Shannon diversity index is computed as ... 

In many respects, a nuclear power plant is similar to a conventional fossil fuel power plant. In this type of plant, a fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas) is burned, and the heat is used to boil water, which, in turn, is used to make steam. 

I erhaps the largest chemical experiment ever conducted is our injection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in sufficient quantity to alter the cycle of CO2 concentration that has persisted for at least 800 000 years. CO2 is produced by combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), which are our predominant source of energy. 

Coal, oil, natural gas, wood, peat, solar, wind, hydro-eleotrio, nuolear, eto. 

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