Contractual relationships

Utility costs vary enormously. This is especially true of fuel costs. Not only do costs vary considerably between different fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), but costs also tend to be sensitive to market fluctuations. Contractual relationships also have a significant effect on fuel costs. The price paid for fuel may depend very much on how much is purchased. 

The process of engaging the required capabilities must be a formal process so that both the organization in need and the contractor/sub-contractor are protected in the event of a failure to perform, an accident, or a difference of opinion as to terms or performance. Adherence to the provisions of this procedure will help attain good contracting practices and minimize the potential liabilities to the host organization in contractual relationships. 

New controls may also be needed if there are unusual contractual relationships, such as overseas subcontractors, international consortia, or in-plant surveillance by the customer. There may be language problems, translation work, harmonization of standards, and other matters arising from international trade. 

A nominated subcontractor has no contractual relationship with the client, but the case of Junior Books V. Veitchi (1982) placed an almost contractual duty upon the nominated sub-contractor. Where a separate agreement has been signed between the client and nominated sub-contractor then a direct contractual relationship applies. Problems can arise where a main contractor says that his nominated sub-contractor or supplier is delaying him. 

Most UK ethics committees will look for confirmation of the intention to apply the ABPl guidelines in the case of company-sponsored studies, even from non-member companies. Where the research is non-therapeutic, ABPl guidance provides for a contractual promise to be made to the volunteer to pay for injury sustained by reason of participation in the study (whether due to the experimental drugs used or to procedures required by the study protocol), irrespective of whether anyone conducting or responsible for the project was at fault. In therapeutic research, no such contractual relationship or obligation is required, and there are some limitations to the circumstances in which voluntary payment will be made. 

Regarding Chemical Leasing the situation is quite different It is not mentioned at all in the Austrian General Civil Code, it is an atypical contract which is yet to be developed by lawyers or legal divisions of enterprises planning to do business according to the Chemical Leasing model. As mentioned above it is important in this context to find out which of the established types of contract is most similar to the new contractual relationship. 

Having a false sense of confidence that the vendor will maintain itself at the same level throughout the contractual relationship... 

An agreement on the overall budget for the project, although clearly an important milestone, does not actually form the whole of basis of the contractual relationship between the sponsor and the CRO. The two parties must also agree on the type of contract that best meets the needs of both parties. 

PBMs have contractual relationships with retail pharmacies and share a common electronic network. Through this common network, prescription claims can be sent to a common point of collection (the PBM). Large PBM-retail networks offer customers easy access to prescriptions throughout the United States. Network relationships are less costly to PBM customers due to volume discount and greater billing/payment efficiencies (e.g., all pharmacies that contract with the PBM are part of that PBM s pharmacy network). 

It is certainly difficult to define exactly and comprehensively all areas where SOPs may be needed. In general, as has already been mentioned, SOPs do describe activities of a repetitive nature, and therefore all GLP-related areas where such activities are performed, need such standardised descriptions. Furthermore, SOPs are such helpful instruments to define the proper conduct of any activities, that they will also be used outside of the realm of GLP, e.g. in administrative areas where they may describe the procedures for dealing with sponsors at all stages of the contractual relationship, from obtaining a commission until the final invoicing of services rendered. 

First, one could think of such contracts as tripartite agreements that establish a contractual relationship to either the municipality/UWV or the provider, or both. Second, when focussing on the beneficiary s legal declaration, it is necessary to... 

JCP works with a complex array of partnerships , both nationally and locally. These can be strategic or operational. The operational partnerships include contractual relationships with an extensive mixed economy of for profit and not for profit providers who deliver most employment programmes. In 2005/2006 around one third of welfare to work provision was delivered through more than one thousand contracts with such providers (HMT 2006). In 2005/2006 external providers delivered a total of 135,107 job entries, an increase of 25% from the previous year (JCP 2006). 

Furthermore, we observe increasingly convergent governance models based on management by objectives, contractual relationships and performance-based governments between levels of government but also between public and private entities... 

In addition to a concern for the continuing operability of facilities, the management of facility obsolescence is affected on a programwide level by organizational structure, contractual relationships and incentives, community and regulatory relationships, and planning for emergencies and closure. 

The IPS closure contains the ending of the contractual relationship between a provider and its customer (Meier and Uhlmann 2012). 

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