Co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Gorreta, F., Bernasconi, R., Galliani, G., Salmona, M., Tacconi, M. T., and Bianchi, R. (2002). Wax esters of co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids A new formulation as a potential food supplement—Digestion and absorption in rats. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie 35,458-465. 

Ruxton, C.H.S., Calder, P.C., Reed, S.C., Simpson, M.J.A. (2005). The impact of long-chain co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews, 18, 113-129. 

Zimet, P., Livney, Y.D. (2009). Beta-lactoglobulin and its nanocomplexes with pectin as vehicles for co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 1120-1126. 

Sardine oil has similar fatty acids to other edible fats and oils and also contains longer-chain co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexanoic acid. Table 2 indicates that the principal polyunsaturated fatty acids of sardine oil are in the co-3 family. 

Milk fat contains several compounds that have demonstrated anticancer activity in animal models. The more important ones are rumenic acid, a potent inhibitor of mammary tumorigenesis, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids that prevent the development of intestinal tumors and butyric acid, which prevents colon and mammary tumor development. Emerging evidence suggests that milk fat can prevent intestinal infections, particularly in children, prevent allergic disorders, such as asthma and improve the level of long-chain co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in blood. 

Suzuki, H., Chung, B.S., Isobe, S., Hayakawa, S., and Wada, S. 1988. Changes in co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the chum salmon muscle during spawning migration and extrusion cooking, J. Food Sci., 53, 1659. 

The peroxidative reactions were mediated and sustained by Cu(II) ions in the light. Table IV shows that fatty acids with at least 2 double bonds are necessary for hydrocarbon formation. As Anacystis lacks those fatty acids, no peroxidative volatile hydrocarbons were produced. Spirulina exclusively contains CO-6 fatty acids as endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids and evolved Cs hydrocarbons only. The third species, Anabaena, whose thylakoids contain co-3 and Co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids formed C2 and C5 hydrocarbons simultaneously. We conclude that co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are the source of ethane and ethylene and that the CO-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are the source of pentane and pentene in herbicide-induced peroxidation reactions. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that the propane measured with Bumilleriopsis after an 18-h treatment with either 10 >iM oxyfluorfen or 50 jxM Cu(II) originates from a CO-4 polyunsaturated fatty acid. We have recently isolated and identified this acid as 16 3CO4 (Sandmann, Lambert, B5ger in preparation). 

Studies altering dietary fatty acids have provided support that eicosanoid synthesis regulates immune-mediated forms of renal injury. A diet enriched with fish oil containing co —3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) protects murine strains with lupus nephritis from the formation of renal disease. These CO —3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid... 

Nakano M, Kelly EJ, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Rettie AE (2012) CYP4V2 in Bietti s crystalline dystrophy ocular localization, metabolism of co-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, and functional deficit of the P.H331P variant. Mol Pharmacol 82 679-686... 

Sperling, RI, Benincaso, AI, KnoeU, CT, Larkin, JK, Austen, KE and Robinson, DR (1993) Dietary CO-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemo-taxis in neutrophils. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 91, 651-660. 

High intakes of the long-chain CO-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (as found in fish oils) may additionally provide protection against thrombosis, as they form the 3-series eicosanoids, which inhibit platelet cohesiveness. 

An alternative method of assessing functional antioxidant status, again one that is affected by both vitamin E and other antioxidants, is by measuring the exhalation of pentane arising from the metabolism of the peroxides of 0)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids or ethane from peroxides of co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

The best substrates for the cyclooxygenase activity of PGH-synthase are arachidonate (Km = 2-10 pM) and 8,11,14-eico-satrienoate. These fatty acids are both present in tissues, but arachidonate is more abundant and it is likely to be the most common substrate in vivo. By contrast, co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoate (20 5 or docosahexaenoate... 

Walker, C.G., Jebb, S.A., Calder, PC., 2013. Stearidonic acid as a suplemental source of co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to enhance status for improved human health. Nutrition 29, 363-369. 

Fish oils and co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit hypolipidemic effects and both antiaggregatory and antiinflammatory properties (Table 1), they may lead to complex and only partially understood alterations of cellular interactions. The available data raise the question of the potential therapeutic and preventive value of dietary supplementation with co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in occlusive vascular diseases. 

As mentioned earlier, both MCTs and LCTs are used in tube feeding products. Corn, soy, and safflower oils have been the mainstay sources of fat in these products, providing mainly co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). On the other hand, some newer EN products contain higher quantities of co-3 PUFAs from sources such as fish oil [i.e., docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid or (EPA)]. Still other formulas contain higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and high-oleic safflower or sunflower oils. The essential fatty acid (EFA) content (mainly linoleic acid) of EN... 

Hassan I. R., Gronert K. 2009. Acute changes in dietary co-3 and co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a pronounced impact on survival following ischemic renal injury and formation of renoprotective docosahexaenoic acid-derived protectin Dl. Immunology. 182(5) 3223-3232. 

Table 4.2 lists physical properties of molecular weight, melting point, and solubility of some CO-3 and co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

Three major families of unsaturated fatty acids are seen in warm-blooded animals, that is, the n-9, monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g. oleic acid, OA), and the n-6 and n-3, both polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, only the n-6 and n-3 families, derived from LA and ALA, respectively, are EFA. These must be obtained from the diet since mammals lack the desaturase enzymes necessary for the insertion of a double bond in the n-6 and n-3 positions of the fatty acid carbon chain. Fatty acid nomenclature is as follows The first number denotes the number of carbon atoms in the acyl chain and the second refers to the number of unsaturated (double) bonds. This is followed by a symbol n or co and a number that denotes the number of carbon atoms from the methyl terminal of the molecule to the first double bond. Hence, LA is 18 2(n-6), while the more unsaturated ALA is denoted as 18 3(n-3) (Figure 26.1). These fatty acids must be metabolized to their longer chain derivatives before carrying out many of their activities. 

It is becoming more popular in the US for infant formula manufactures to add fish oils to fortify infant formulae with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are critical in early child development because they are necessary for the formation of neural tissues and cells of vascular tissue, but are produced de novo at very low levels from the dietary essential fatty acids Ci8 2, m-3 and Cis 3, co-3. Typically, the long-chain fatty acids, doco-sahexaenoic acid (DHA C22 6) and arachidonic acid (AA C2o 4), were not added to infant formulae available in the US until recently. Many commercial infant formulae manufactures, including Wyeth, Ross and Mead Johnson, now produce infant formulae that are supplemented with DHA and AA. The level of DHA is approximately 0.32%, w/w of fat, and the level of AA is approximately 0.64% w/w of fat. Breast-milk naturally contains small amounts of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

A fish oil supplement for infant formula has been shown to be effective at maintaining concentrations of co-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes. Although human milk contains only small amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, it contains all the w-6 and w-3 fatty acids found in erythrocyte membranes. Carlson et al. (1987) demonstrated that if infant formula is supplemented with fish oil rich in EPA (C20 5, o>-3) and DHA (C22 6, w-3), levels of these polyunsaturated fatty acids can be maintained post-birth, in erythrocyte membranes. These results indicate the effectiveness of providing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids directly in the diet rather than as precursors. 

Milk fat is not a rich source of linoleic (co-6) and linolenic (co-3) acids however, the ratio of w-6 w-3 is close to unity, which is considered to be ideal for good health. Rats fed diets high in milk fat had a beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profile in plasma... 

Fig. 13.12 Polyunsaturated fatty acids required for eicosanoid synthesis. Oleic acid is the only fatty acid synthesized by mammals de novo. Linoleic (co-3) and a-linolenic acid (9 or greater fatty acids. Ingested o>3 fatty acids are metabolized to other co-3 fatty acids with o>9 double bonds. The same applies to co-6 fatty acids. The major dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are fish and plants oils...

Q-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure, improve lipids and reduce other cardiovascular disease risk factors [83]. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the co-3 or eo-6 series have the potential to regulate serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels that are considered important risk factors in cardiovascular pathologies. 

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