Contamination Cleaning

Scrubbing The process of cleaning contaminated gas by passing it through a water spray or cascade. 

Wet scrubbers have found widespread use in cleaning contaminated gas streams because of their ability to effeetively remove both particulate and gaseous pollutants. Specifically, wet scrubbing describes the technique of bringing a contaminated gas stream into intimate contact with a liquid. The types most widely used for particulate control are spray towers, packed-bed units, ionizing wet scrubbers, and venturi scrubbers. 

Surgical operations are classified as clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty. 

Surgical operations are classified as clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is appropriate for clean, clean-contaminated, and contaminated operations. Dirty operations take place in situations of existing infection and antimicrobials are used for treatment, not prophylaxis (Table 82-1). 

Clean-contaminated Controlled opening of aforementioned tracts with minimal spillage or minor technique break clean procedures performed emergently or with major technique breaks Medium Indicated... 

Contaminated Acute, non-purulent inflammation present major spillage or technique break during clean-contaminated procedures High Indicated... 

Rulkens, W.H. and Assink, J.W., Extraction as a Method for Cleaning Contaminated Soil Possibilities, Problems and Research, 5th National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, Washington, DC, 1984, pp. 576-583. 

DiPiro JT Short-term prophylaxis in clean-contaminated surgery. J Chemother 1999 11 551-555. 

The risk of infection rises with conditions that increase gastric pH and subsequent bacterial overgrowth, such as obstruction, hemorrhage, malignancy, or acid-suppression therapy (clean-contaminated). 

Head and neck cancer resection Cardiothoracic surgery 5. aureus, streptococci oral anaerobes Clindamycin 600 mg at induction and every 8 hours x 2 more doses Add gentamicin for clean-contaminated procedures IA... 

Urologic procedures requiring an abdominal approach such as a nephrectomy or cystectomy require prophylaxis appropriate for a clean-contaminated abdominal procedure. 

Contaminated clothing or bed linen could also spread the virus. Special precautions need to be taken to ensure that all bedding and clothing of patients are cleaned appropriately with bleach and hot water. Disinfectants such as bleach and quaternary ammonia can be used for cleaning contaminated surfaces. 

Prophylaxis-To prevent postoperative infection in clean contaminated or potentially contaminated surgery in adults, give a single 1 or 2 g IV dose 30 to 60 minutes prior to surgery. In patients undergoing cesarean section, give the dose as soon as the umbilical cord is clamped. 

Preoperative prophylaxis For clean-contaminated or potentially contaminated surgical procedures, administer 1.5 g IV prior to surgery (approximately V2 to 1 hour before). Thereafter, give 750 mg IV or IM every 8 hours when the procedure is prolonged. 

If the contaminants exhibit a high vapor pressure, then they can be pumped out relatively quickly. If this is not successful, then the apparatus will have to be cleaned. Contaminated glass components will first be cleaned with chromic-sulfuric acid mixture or - if this is necessary - with dilute hydrofluoric acid (1 30). They are then rinsed with distilled water. If this does not bring about the desired results, then an organic solvent can be tried. Then the glass components will again have to be rinsed with methanol and distilled water. (Do not use denatured alcohol )... 

Clean contaminated Urgent or emergency case that is otherwise clean elective, controlled opening of respiratory, gastrointestinal, biliary, or oropharyngeal tract minimal spillage or minor break in technique expected infection rate s 10%. 

Surgical procedures that necessitate the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis include contaminated and clean-contaminated operations, selected operations in which postoperative infection may be catastrophic such as open heart surgery, clean procedures that involve placement of prosthetic materials, and any procedure in an immunocompromised host. The operation should carry a significant risk of postoperative site infection or cause significant bacterial contamination. 

All this basic information has set the stage for bioremediation as an inexpensive and effective approach for cleaning contaminated soils, waters, and sediments. Considerable efforts are currently underway to develop the necessary field application techniques that make this a wholesale commercial reality. However, the complexities of the biodegradation processes involved make the efforts challenging if not, in some cases, frustrating. This is especially true for larger-scale field studies because increased variability and heterogeneity Cause difficulties in data interpretation. 

Harmsen, J. (1991). Possibilities and limitations of landfarming for cleaning contaminated soils. In On-site Bioreclamation Processes for Xenobiotic Hydrocarbon Treatment, ed. R. E. Hinchee R. F. Olfenbuttel, pp. 255-72. Stoneham, MA Butterworth-Heinemann. 

The use of surface analytical techniques in the study of epitaxial growth of Si has been primarily restricted to studies of the factors which affect the growth of a single crystalline layer substrate cleaning, contamination and crystal quality. 

Arctic fjords have been classified into categories of comparatively clean, contaminated, heavily contaminated, and potentially contaminated. Contaminated areas include, for instance, Kola Gulf and, probably, all the fjords of the northern Kola Peninsula west of Murmansk. The content of radionuclides in phytobenthos, in the coastal zone east of Murmansk, is low. Evidently, there has not recently been any serious radionuclide penetration into this area. The low gamma-nuclide level (1 Bq/kg-3 Bq/kg) is typical for the zoobenthos of the Barents Sea. This is also true for the Kara Sea. 

Electronics Industry Electronics-grade nitric acid (70%) is used by semiconductor and printed circuit board manufacturers. Nitric acid cleans contaminants from the wafer s surface during several steps in semiconductor manufacture. Acetic and hydrofluoric acids may be blended with nitric acid to etch away metal. Nitric acid is also used for cleaning in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. 

Contaminated 21.9 t02 Acute, nonpumlent inflammation present Major spillage/technique break during clean-contaminated procedure. Prophylactic antibiotics indicated... 

This section reviews additional anodic processes in water cleanup, leaching pure metals from ores, cleaning contaminated metallic surfaces, and anode behavior in harsh electrolytic environments. 

An atmospheric packed tower air stripper is used to clean contaminated groundwater with a concentration of 100 ppm trichloroethylene (TCE). The stripper was designed such that packing height is 13 ft, the diameter (D) is 5 ft, and the height of a transfer unit (HTU) is 3.25 ft. Assume Henry s law applies with a constant (N) of 324 atm at 68°F. Also, at these conditions the molar density of water is 3.47 Ibmol/ft and the air-water mole ratio (G/L) is related to the air-water volume ratio G" jL") through G" jL" = 130 G/L, where the units of G" and L" are ft /(s ft ). 

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