Phenyl propanoid

Teutsch HG, Hasenfratz MP, Lesot A, Stoltz C, Gamier JM, Jeltsch JM, Durst F, Werck-Reichhart D (1993) Isolation and sequence of a cDNA encoding the Jemsalem artichoke cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, a major plant cytochrome P450 involved in the general phenyl-propanoid pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(9) 4102-4106... 

Kitagawa, I. et al., Indonesian medicinal plants. II. Chemical structures of pongapinones A and B, two new phenyl propanoids from the bark of Pongamia pinnata (Papilionaceae), Chem. Pharm. Bull, 40, 2041, 1992. 

Structural types, in this section we will mainly focus our discussion on phenyl propanoids, coumarins, flavonoid and isoflavonoids, lignans and tannins. 

N.A. Pedicularis palustris L. P. canadensis L. Alkaloids, phenyl-propanoid glycosides, iridoid glucosides.303 Treat swelling internally, coughs, uterine spasms, with antioxidant property. 

The biosynthesis of flavonoids, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamates, and phenolic acids involves a complex network of routes based principally on the shikimate, phenyl-propanoid, and flavonoid pathways (Figs. 1.35 and 1.36). These biosynthetic pathways constitute a complex biological regulatory network that has evolved in vascular plants during their successful transition on land and that ultimately is essential for their growth, development, and survival [Costa et al., 2003]. 

Hartmann U, Sagasser M, Mehrtens F, Stracke R, Weisshaar B. 2005. Differential combinatorial interactions of cis-acting elements recognized by R2R3-MYB, BZIP, and BHLH factors control light-responsive and tissue specific activation of phenyl-propanoid biosynthesis genes. Plant Mol Biol 57 155-171. 

The biosynthetic pathway for salicylic acid is not clear. At present, at least two pathways have been proposed. Each branches from phenyl-propanoid biosynthesis after phenylalanine has been converted to trans-cinnamic acid by phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL). In one scheme (Pathway 1 Fig. 4), tram-cinnamic acid would be converted to 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid (or 2-coumaric acid) by a cinnamate 2-hydroxylase. This compound could then be converted to salicylic acid via -oxidation possibly through an acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) intermediate. Alternatively, tram-cinnamic acid could be oxidized to benzoic acid and then hydrox-ylated via a postulated o-hydroxylase activity. The details of this pathway, particularly in tobacco and cucumber, deserve further study. 

The phenyl propanoid pathway (PPP) can be stimulated as demonstrated by Randhir et al. (2004) in mung bean sprouts through the pentose phosphate and... 

Tanaka, T., Orii, Y., Nonaka, G. and Nishioka, I. (1993) Tannins and related compounds. CXXIII. Chromone, acetophenone and phenyl propanoid glycosides and their galloyl and/or hexahydroxy phenoyl esters from leaves of Syzygium aromaticum Merr and Perry. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28, 685-687. 

Hattori, M., Hada, S., Shu, Y.Z., Kakiuchi, N. and Namba, T. (1 987b) New acyclic bis-phenyl propanoids from the aril of Myristica fragrans. Chemical and Pharmacological Bulletin 35, 668-674. 

Isogai, A., Murakoshi, S., Suzuki, A. and Tamura, S. (1 973) Structure of new dimeric phenyl propanoids from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 3 7, 1479-1481. 

Capsaicin is a bioactive molecule synthesized by enzymatic (putative capsaicin synthase) condensation of vanillylamine, a phenyl propanoid intermediate with 8-methyl-nonenoic acid, a fatty acid derivative from the leucine/valine pathway. Analysis of levels of 8-methyl-nonenoic acid and phenyl propanoid intermediates in high-, medium- and low-pungent Capsicum genotypes revealed that the 8-methyl-nonenoic acid pool plays a crucial role in determining the efficacy of capsaicin levels. Cerulenin-mediated inhibition of 8-methyl-nonenoic... 

Plant phenolics represent a very large group of defensive compounds defined here as having a phenol (hydroxybenzene) moiety. In some instances substances having a phenolic precursor (e.g. methoxybenzene derivatives) have conveniently also been included in this category. Phenolics derive biosynthetically from hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A (yielding a phenyl-propanoid moiety). 

Yakuchinone B (= l-(4 -Hydroxy-3 -methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylhept-1 -en-3-one) (phenyl propanoid, aryl heptenoid)... 

Caffeovl malic acid (phenyl propanoid glycoside)... 

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