Chromatography anthraquinones

Acetylated cellulose Depending on acetyl content transition from normal phase to reversed phase chromatography Anthraquinones, antioxidants, polycyclic aromatics, carboxyhc acids, nitrophenols, sweeteners... 

High pressure Hquid chromatography (qv) (138) and coulometry can be used to detect and quantify anthraquinones and thek derivatives in a hydrogen peroxide process working solution. 

Anthrarufin [l,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone] [117-12-4] M 240.1, m 280 (dec), pKj 9.90, pK 11.05. Purified by column chromatography on silica gel with CHCl3/Et20 as eluent, followed by recrystn from acetone. Alternatively recrystd from glacial acetic acid [Flom and Barbara J Phys Chem 89 4489 1985]. 

Wouters, J., High performance liquid chromatography of anthraquinones analysis of plant and insect extracts and dyed textiles. Stud. Conserv., 30, 119, 1985. 

Table 13.1 Identification of anthraquinones by liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (and/or UV Vis)... 

M.A. Ackacha, K. Polec Pawlak and M. Jarosz, Identification of anthraquinone coloring matters in natural red dyestuffs by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrospray mass spectrometric detection, J. Sep. Sci., 26, 1028 1034 (2003). 

G.C.H. Derksen, H.A.G. Niederlander and T.A. van Beek, Analysis of anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum L. by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array UV and mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 978, 119 127 (2002). 

P. Novotna, V. Pacakova, Z. Bosakova and K. Stulik, High performance liquid chromatographic determination of some anthraquinone and naphthoquinone dyes occurring in historical textiles, Journal of Chromatography, A, 863, 235 241 (1999). 

Rate constants and the products formed in the hydrolysis of Cl Reactive Red 194 (7.76) at 50 °C and pH values in the 10-12 region were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. In addition to the normal hydrolysis of the two reactive systems, the imino link between the triazine and benzene nuclei was also hydrolysed [67]. The heterobifunctional copper formazan dye Cl Reactive Blue 221 and two blue anthraquinone monofunctional reactive dyes of the bromamine acid type, namely the aminochlorotriazine Blue 5 and the sulphatoethylsulphone Blue 19, were compared in terms of their sensitivity to... 

Williams, S. J., Goodall, D. M., and Evans, K. P. (1993). Analysis of anthraquinone sulfonates — comparison of capillary electrophoresis with high-performance liquid-chromatography.. Chromatogr. 629, 379-384. 

Li, W. ., C. L. Chan, and H. W. Lueng. 2000. Liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for the characterization of anthraquinone derivative from Chinese herbal medicine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 52 723-729. 

Red natural anthraquinone dyes on ancient textile materials can be readily identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) if they belong to the class of madder dyes. The method also shows which type of dye plant from the family Rubiaceae has been used for dyeing (Rubia tinctorum L., R. peregrina L.,... 

Recently additional measurements on some of these anthraquinone dyes were carried out with a dynamic method using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) technique. This method permits the measurement of solubilities as well as the continuous purification from better soluble impurities which might cause serious errors in the solubility data (see section 3.). 

Assay In the case of herbal preparations with constituents of known therapeutic activity, assays of their content are required with details of the analytical procedure. Wherever possible, a specific, stability-indicating procedure should be included to determine the content of the herbal substance in the herbal preparation. In cases where use of a nonspecific assay is justified, other supporting analytical procedures should be used to achieve overall specificity. For example, where a UV/VIS spectrophotometric assay is used for anthraquinone glycosides, a combination of the assay and a suitable test for identification (e.g., fingerprint chromatography) can be used. In the case of herbal preparations where the constituents responsible for the therapeutic activity are not known, assays of marker substances or other justified determinations are required. The appropriateness of the choice of marker substance should be justified. 

C.I. 61500, X,max 640 (594)nm. Purify the anthraquinone by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates, using toluene/acetone (3 1) as eluent. The main band is scraped off and extracted with MeOH. The solvent is evaporated and the dye is dried in a drying pistol [Land et al. 7 Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 111 2091 1976. It crystallises from n-butanol with m 221-222° and has Xjnax 539 and 644nm (EtOH). [Beilstein A H 198, 14 111 440, 14 IV 459.]... 

The anthraquinones can be further purified by precipitation or by chromatography. Precipitation can be achieved with reagents as lead acetate [74]. Precipitation was very common in older days. Nowadays components are mainly purified by chromatography. 

Crude extracts of anthraquinones can be further fractionated by column chromatography. A lot of different column materials have been used for the purification of anthraquinones of Rubia tinctorum. Eluents used for... 

Table 1. Examples of Separation of Anthraquinones by Low-Pressure Column Chromatography...

Nowadays thin layer chromatography (TLC) has replaced paper chromatography. TLC is now frequently used for the planar separation of anthraquinones, the most frequently used adsorbent being silica [4], Almost every research group has developed their own solvent system and, in Table (2) some examples of eluents are given for the separation of anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum extracts. Preparative TLC has been applied for the purification of anthraquinones from Rubia tinctorum [78]. 

In spite of the excellent separation of anthraquinones by GLC, one preferably uses high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the separation of these compounds. For an HPLC separation the anthraquinones do not have to be silylated, which saves time and prevents possible losses during the derivatisation. 

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