Electrophoresis chromatography and

Tswett s key papers were published in Russian or German. Four of the most important have now appeared in English translation, along with a biographical sketch of Tswett and a bibliography of around 500 references to earlier work relevant to the development of chromatography. Most of these are from the period 1840-1910.147 

Liquid-liquid partition chromatography was invented by A. J. P. Martin and R. M. L. Synge in 1941. Martin had earlier devised a multistage solvent extraction process for the separation of vitamin E, although this work was not published. He and Synge then 

The history of thin-layer chromatography has been the subject of a book.158 The first separations on thin layers were performed in 1938. A gas was first used as the mobile phase in adsorption chromatography by Erica Cremer in Innsbruck in 1946. Using hydrogen as carrier gas, she and her student, Fritz Prior, successfully separated air and carbon dioxide using charcoal as the adsorbent. A newly-opened branch of the Deutches Museum in Bonn, devoted to post 1945 developments, has a display featuring the work of Cremer and Prior, with a model of their original apparatus.159 

James and Martin soon developed a gas-density balance as a detector, but the sensitivity of GLC was increased enormously when the argon ionization detector was invented by James Lovelock it was he who also produced the electron capture detector in conjunction with S. R. Lipsky in 1959.162 The flame ionization detector originated in the same year.163 Another important advance in the early days of GLC was the introduction of capillary columns, which were first used by M. J. E. Golay in 1956.164165 The development of some of the first commercial instrumentation has been described.166167 

Arne Tiselius announced his electrophoresis apparatus, which was enormous both in size and expense, in 1937. Electrophoresis was designed for the separation and investigation of proteins, and the technique has had its greatest impact in biology and biochemistry.174 The development of electrophoretic methods after Tiselius has been 

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The following experiments may he used to illustrate the application of chromatography and electrophoresis to a number of different types of samples. Experiments are grouped by the type of technique, and each is briefly annotated. 

The following texts provide a good introduction to the broad field of separations, including chromatography and electrophoresis. Giddings, J. C. Unified Separation Science. Wiley-Interscience New York, 1991. 

The natural world is one of eomplex mixtures petroleum may eontain 10 -10 eomponents, while it has been estimated that there are at least 150 000 different proteins in the human body. The separation methods necessary to cope with complexity of this kind are based on chromatography and electrophoresis, and it could be said that separation has been the science of the 20th century (1, 2). Indeed, separation science spans the century almost exactly. In the early 1900s, organic and natural product chemistry was dominated by synthesis and by structure determination by degradation, chemical reactions and elemental analysis distillation, liquid extraction, and especially crystallization were the separation methods available to organic chemists. 

There are other, nonhydrogel, new materials for chromatographic and electrophoretic separations [7,8,103,164,199,214,377,407], Eor example, Volkmuth and Austin [407] proposed electrophoretic studies in microlithographic arrays of posts and channels etched into sihcon wafers. This material may be useful for studying fundamental transport characteristics of macromolecules in defined media, and many recent studies have been conducted to develop chromatography and electrophoresis on silicon wafers with micron-scale channels... 

Morris, CJOR Morris, P, Molecular-Sieve Chromatography and Electrophoresis in Polyacrylamide Gels, Biochemical Journal 124, 517, 1971. 

Waldmann-Meyer, HK, Protein Ion Equilibria, Total Evaluation of Binding Parameters and Net Charge from the Electrophoretic Mobility as a Function of Ligand Concentration. In Recent Developments in Chromatography and Electrophoresis Frigerio, A McCamish, M, eds. Elsevier Scientific Amsterdam, 1980 Vol. 10, p 125. 

Bravo, 1984). Hybrids of these systems, where chromatography and electrophoresis are used in each spatial dimension, were reported nearly 40 years ago (Efron, 1959). Belenkii and coworkers reported on the analysis of block copolymers by TLC (Gankina et al., 1991 Litvinova et al., 1991). Two-block copolymers of styrene and f-butyl methacrylate were separated first with regard to chemical composition by TLC at critical conditions, followed by a SEC-type separation to determine the molar masses of the components. 

Viovy,J.-L. and LesecJ. Separation of Macromolecules in Gels Permeation Chromatography and Electrophoresis. Vol. 114, pp. 1-42. 

If the compound shows no convenient intrinsic feature, it may be possible to develop a detectable characteristic by chemical modification and, particularly in thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis, many locating reagents which are specific for various groups of compounds are available. 

The inclusion of a fluorescent dye into thin-layer plates can be used to detect substances that quench its fluorescence and so result in dark zones when the chromatogram is examined under ultraviolet radiation. Autoradiography can also be used in thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis when samples are radio-labelled. 

Chromatography and Electrophoresis of Antigens. Cotton dust (20-30 mg) was dissolved in water and passed through a small column (30 x 1.5 cm id) packed with 3 g of Sephadex G-75 that had been preswelled in water. Chromatograms were obtained with an LKB Uvicord ultraviolet monitor and a chopper bar recorder. Volumes of 5 ml each were collected in test tubes with an automatic fraction collector. Two components were detected at 250 nm. Samples of 10 mg were analyzed by disc gel electrophoresis according to procedures described by Davis (36), and Zacharius (37). 

Table 10.3 contains a listing of some important proteins. Protein purification must be done under conditions in which conformational and configurational changes are minimal. Such purification is most often carried out using varieties of chromatography including affinity chromatography and electrophoresis. Some of the common features of enzymes are ... 

Danilo Corradini is research director at the Institute of Chemical Methodologies of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) and a member of the General Scientific Advisory Board of CNR. His involvement in separation science started in 1976 with his research work on chromatography and electrophoresis for his PhD studies in chemistry, which was carried out at Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, under the direction of Michael Lederer, founder and first editor of the Journal of Chromatography. In 1983-1984, he worked with Csaba Horvath, the pioneer of HPLC, at the Department of Chemical Engineering at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, where he initiated his first investigations on the HPLC of proteins and peptides, which he continued at the Institute of Chromatography of CNR after he returned to Italy. 

Okada T. Nonaqueous ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis Approaches to nonaqueous solution chemistry and design of novel separation. Journal of Chromatography A1998 804 17-28. 

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