Feature intrinsic

Distinguishing feature Intrinsic resistance Acquired resistance... 

Here, HPS stands for p-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)styrene, HES for p-(l-hydroxye-thyl)styrene, 4-VPh for 4-vinyl phenol, HFS for p-(hexafluoro-2-hydroxyisopro-pyl)styrene, and 4-VBA for 4-vinylbenzoic acid. Among these, 4-VBA has the lowest pKa and the highest K2, which implies that the carboxyl group has the strongest ability to form a dimer and to liberate its proton simultaneously. Thus, we can expect that CPS forms ring-like dimers and shows miscibility and complexation features intrinsically different from PS(OH), PS(t-OH), PS(s-OH) and STVPh. 

In May (Fig. 8), the western SBCG, which displaced to the Bulgarian coast, becomes more intensive. South of the Crimea and off the middle part of the Caucasian coast, anticyclonic gyres develop they cannot be referred to as NSAEs, especially at a depth of 300 m (Fig. 8b). One of them is well manifested even at a depth of 1000 m (Fig. 8c), where the BSGC retains only its most general features intrinsic of it in the upper 300-m layer. 

Disordered (unfolded) regions of a protein are known to perform important biological functions, in spite of relaxed constraint on their three dimensional structures. It has been shown that hub proteins, which are believed to be constrained by coevolution with their interaction partners, are also more likely to feature intrinsic disorder [87]. This provides another example of a pair of deterministic forces in evolution with a paradoxical relationship. A recent work by Kim et al. addresses this issue by considering the precise physical context of disordered regions that occur in interacting proteins [88]. 

The as-measured infrared spectrum of a sample usually contains, in addition to the genuine spectrum of the sample, what is not required for spectral analysis for example, noise signals arising from the detector and electronic circuits of the spectrometer, a tilted background arising from a coarse surface of the sample, bands due to water vapor and carbon dioxide existing inside the spectrometer, and so on. If these unnecessary features can be removed from the as-measured spectrum, the spectral features intrinsic to the sample will be seen clearly and they will become more useful for their intended purpose. 

This chapter contains one of the more diverse assortments of topics of any chapter in the volume. In it we discuss the viscosity of polymer solutions, especially the intrinsic viscosity the diffusion and sedimentation behavior of polymers, including the equilibrium between the two and the analysis of polymers by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). At first glance these seem to be rather unrelated topics, but features they all share are a dependence on the spatial extension of the molecules in solution and applicability to molecular weight determination. 

Control of the core is affected by movable control rods which contain neutron absorbers soluble neutron absorbers ia the coolant, called chemical shim fixed burnable neutron absorbers and the intrinsic feature of negative reactivity coefficients. Gross changes ia fission reaction rates, as well as start-up and shutdown of the fission reactions, are effected by the control rods. In a typical PWR, ca 90 control rods are used. These, iaserted from the top of the core, contain strong neutron absorbers such as boron, cadmium, or hafnium, and are made up of a cadmium—iadium—silver alloy, clad ia stainless steel. The movement of the control rods is governed remotely by an operator ia the control room. Safety circuitry automatically iaserts the rods ia the event of an abnormal power or reactivity transient. 

These are made of boron carbide ia a matrix of aluminum oxide clad with Zircaloy. As the uranium is depleted, ie, burned up, the boron is also burned up to maintain the chain reaction. This is another intrinsic control feature. The chemical shim and burnable poison controls reduce the number of control rods needed and provide more uniform power distributions. 

Transition Widths and Strengths. The widths and strengths of spectroscopic transitions determine the information that can be extracted from a spectmm, and are functions of the molecular parameters summarized in Table 2. Detectivity is deterrnined by spectral resolution and transition strength. Resolution, the abiUty to distinguish transitions of nearly equal wavelength, depends on both the widths of the spectral features and characteristics of the instmmentation. Unperturbed transitions have natural, Av widths owing to the intrinsic lifetimes of the states involved. The full width at... 

Tlie microscopic and macroscopic properties of asbestos fibers stem from their intrinsic, and sometimes unique, crystalline features. As with all siUcate minerals, the basic building blocks of asbestos fibers are the siUcate tetraliedra wliicli may occur as double chains, as in the ampliiboles, or in... 

The precious metal or metal oxide imparts high intrinsic activity, the carrier provides a stable, high surface area for catalyst dispersion, and the mechanical support gives a high geometric surface area for physical support and engineering design features (20). Only the correct combination of these... 

As with metals, the number of different ceramics is vast. But there is no need to remember them all the generic ceramics listed below (and which you should remember) embody the important features others can be understood in terms of these. Although their properties differ widely, they all have one feature in common they are intrinsically brittle, and it is this that dictates the way in which they can be used. 

In Fig. 13 is shown the 002 lattice images of an as-formed very thin VGCF. The innermost core diameter (ca. 20 nm as indicated by arrows) has two layers it is rather straight and appears to be the primary nanotube. The outer carbon layers, with diameters ca. 3-4 nm, are quite uniformly stacked parallel to the central core with 0.35 nm spacing. From the difference in structure as well as the special features in the mechanical strength (as in Fig. 7) it might appear possible that the two intrinsically different types of material... 

However, we also need to discuss how the attractive interactions between species can be included in the theory of partly quenched systems. These interactions comprise an intrinsic feature of realistic models for partially quenched fluid systems. In particular, the model for adsorption of methane in xerosilica gel of Kaminsky and Monson [41] is characterized by very strong attraction between matrix obstacles and fluid species. Besides, the fluid particles attract each other via the Lennard-Lones potential. Both types of attraction (the fluid-matrix and fluid-fluid) must be included to gain profound insight into the phase transitions in partly quenched media. The approach of Ford and Glandt to obtain the chemical potential utilizing... 

Although intrinsic reaction coordinates like minima, maxima, and saddle points comprise geometrical or mathematical features of energy surfaces, considerable care must be exercised not to attribute chemical or physical significance to them. Real molecules have more than infinitesimal kinetic energy, and will not follow the intrinsic reaction path. Nevertheless, the intrinsic reaction coordinate provides a convenient description of the progress of a reaction, and also plays a central role in the calculation of reaction rates by variational state theory and reaction path Hamiltonians. 

Proteins are the indispensable agents of biological function, and amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The stunning diversity of the thousands of proteins found in nature arises from the intrinsic properties of only 20 commonly occurring amino acids. These features include (1) the capacity to polymerize, (2) novel acid-base properties, (3) varied structure and chemical functionality in the amino acid side chains, and (4) chirality. This chapter describes each of these properties, laying a foundation for discussions of protein structure (Chapters 5 and 6), enzyme function (Chapters 14-16), and many other subjects in later chapters. 

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