Electrophoresis approach

The HAp-agarose hybrid nanomaterial prepared by the electrophoresis approach was also tested for orthopedic surgery implantation in rabbit bone. Figure 6.11 shows... 

Watanabe, J. and Akashi, M. (2006) Novel biomineralization for hydrogels electrophoresis approach accelerates hydroxyapatite formation in hydrogels. Biomacromolecules, 7, 3008-3011. 

Fig. 1.43 Strategies for protein identification. (A) 2D gel electrophoresis approach. (B) 2D liquid chromatography approach. lEF Isoelectric focusing, sex strong cation exchange column, RP reverse phase column, SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Okada T. Nonaqueous ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis Approaches to nonaqueous solution chemistry and design of novel separation. Journal of Chromatography A1998 804 17-28. 

Sanchez, L., Gonzdlez, R., Crego, A. L., and Cifuentes, A. A simple capillary gel electrophoresis approach for efficient and reproducible DNA separations. Analysis of genetically modified soy and maize, J. Sep. ScL, 30, 579, 2007. 

Li G, Zhou X, Wang Y, El Shafey A, Chiu NH, Krull IS. Capillary isoelectric focusing and affinity capillary electrophoresis approaches for the determination of binding constants for antibodies to the prion protein. J Chromatogr A 2004 1053 253-62. 

M. A. Ruggiero and F. M. Ean as, Approaching the ideal system for the complete automation in ti ace analysis by capillaiy electi ophoresis , in Proceedings of the 3rd Latin American Symposium on Capillary Electrophoresis, Buenos Aires, Argentine, November 30-December 2. p. 1 (1997). 

In considering the applicability of preparative classical electrophoretic methods to chiral separations, it should be noted that practitioners in the art of classical electrophoresis have been particularly inventive in designing novel separation strategies. For instance, pH, ionic strength and density gradients have all been used. Isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis are well-established separation modes in classical electrophoresis and are also being implemented in CE separations [7, 8]. These trends are also reflected in the preparative electrophoretic approaches discussed here. 

Since it is possible to differentiate well-preserved from badly preserved collagen through amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis, it is also possible to determine which bone samples are likely to give erroneous isotopic ratios. At least for 8 C, it should be possible to estimate the in vivo isotopic signature by correcting the changed amino acid concentrations of the collagen extract. This way, a reasonable approach to the reconstruction of pale-odiet should be possible. 

A number of different approaches have been taken to describing transport in porous media. The objective here is not to review all approaches, but to present a framework for comparison of various approaches in order to highlight those of particular interest for analysis of diffusion and electrophoresis in gels and other nanoporous materials. General reviews on the fundamental aspects of experiments and theory of diffusion in porous media are given... 

The volume averaging approach discussed in the section on diffusive transport can also be extended to account for electrophoresis [215] and hydrodynamic flow [215,436]. Locke [215] considered the application of volume averaging to the determination of the effective... 

Very recently, HPLC with fluorescence detection was recommended for improving detection sensitivities of betalains. " While this technique may be worthwhile for betaxanthin analyses, its use for betacyanins cannot be recommended. Although this technique represents a worthwhile approach requiring low amounts of solvent and sample and generally characterized by a high separation efhciency, only one study dealt with the use of capillary zone electrophoresis for betalain analyses. ... 

At present, the most promising methods for synthetic colorant analysis seem to be those based on separation approaches such as HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE is the method of choice for the determination of synthetic dyes in biological materials while HPLC is generally a more suitable method for the identification and determination of hydrophobic natural pigments, having a better sensitivity and efficiency than CE. 

Relationships between lipophilicity and retention parameters obtained by RPLC methods using isocratic or gradient condition are reviewed. Advantages and limitations of the two approaches are also pointed out, and general guidelines to determine partition coefficients in 1-octanol-water are proposed. Finally, more recent literature data on Hpophilicity determination by capillary electrophoresis of neutral compounds and neutral forms of ionizable compounds are compiled. Quotation is restricted to key references for every method presented - an exhaustive listing is only given for the last few years. 

Wong, K. S., Kenseth, J., Strasburg, R. Validation and long-term assessment of an approach for the high throughput determination of lipophilidty (log Pow) values using multiplexed, absorbance-based capillary electrophoresis. J. Pharm. Sci. 2004, 93, 916-931. 

Sulfonylureas are not directly amenable to gas chromatography (GC) because of their extremely low volatility and thermal instability. GC has been used in conjunction with diazomethane derivatization, pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatization, and hydrolysis followed by analysis of the aryl sulfonamides. These approaches have not become widely accepted, owing to poor performance for the entire family of sulfonylureas. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been evaluated for water analysis and soil analysis. The low injection volumes required in CE may not yield the required sensitivity for certain applications. Enzyme immunoassay has been reported for chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 20 to 100 ng kg (ppt) in soil and water. 

A variety of formats and options for different types of applications are possible in CE, such as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), isotachophoresis (ITP), and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). The main applications for CE concern biochemical applications, but CE can also be useful in pesticide methods. The main problem with CE for residue analysis of small molecules has been the low sensitivity of detection in the narrow capillary used in the separation. With the development of extended detection pathlengths and special optics, absorbance detection can give reasonably low detection limits in clean samples. However, complex samples can be very difficult to analyze using capillary electrophoresis/ultraviolet detection (CE/UV). CE with laser-induced fluorescence detection can provide an extraordinarily low LOQ, but the analytes must be fluorescent with excitation peaks at common laser wavelengths for this approach to work. Derivatization of the analytes with appropriate fluorescent labels may be possible, as is done in biochemical applications, but pesticide analysis has not been such an important application to utilize such an approach. 

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