YALE,UNIVERSITY

OPTS (Optim i/.ed Potentials for Liquid Simulations) is based on a force field developed by the research group of Bill Jorgensen now at Yale University and previously at Purdue University. Like AMBER, the OPLS force field is designed for calculations on proteins an d nucleic acids. It in troduces non bonded in leraclion parameters that have been carefully developed from extensive Monte Carlo liquid sim u lation s of small molecules. These n on-bonded interactions have been added to the bonding interactions of AMBER to produce a new force field that is expected to be better than AMBER at describing simulations w here the solvent isexplic-... 

The discovery of nbozymes (Section 28 11) in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Sidney Altman of Yale University and Thomas Cech of the University of Colorado placed the RNA World idea on a more solid footing Altman and Cech independently discovered that RNA can catalyze the formation and cleavage of phosphodiester bonds—exactly the kinds of bonds that unite individual ribonucleotides in RNA That plus the recent discovery that ribosomal RNA cat alyzes the addition of ammo acids to the growing peptide chain in protein biosynthesis takes care of the most serious deficiencies in the RNA World model by providing precedents for the catalysis of biologi cal processes by RNA... 

G. T. Seaborg, The TransuraniumElements, Yale University Press, New Haven, Coim., 1958. 

C. d Andrea Ceimini, IlEibro dellArte, D. V. Thompson, Jr., trans., (The Craftsman s Handbook, Yale University Press, New Haven, Coim., 1933 repubhshed Dover PubHshers, New York, 1960. 

WL Jorgensen. BOSS. Version 3.5 of a computer program. New Haven, CT Yale University, 1994. 

The stmcture was determined to 2.8 A resolution in the laboratory of Tom Steitz, Yale University, (d) The glycolytic enzyme phospho-glycerate mutase, which catalyzes transfer of a phos-phoryl group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 In phosphoglycerate. The structure was determined to 2.S A resolution in the laboratory of Herman Watson, Bristol University, UK. (Adapted from J. Richardson.)... 

Many biochemical and biophysical studies of CAP-DNA complexes in solution have demonstrated that CAP induces a sharp bend in DNA upon binding. This was confirmed when the group of Thomas Steitz at Yale University determined the crystal structure of cyclic AMP-DNA complex to 3 A resolution. The CAP molecule comprises two identical polypeptide chains of 209 amino acid residues (Figure 8.24). Each chain is folded into two domains that have separate functions (Figure 8.24b). The larger N-terminal domain binds the allosteric effector molecule, cyclic AMP, and provides all the subunit interactions that form the dimer. The C-terminal domain contains the helix-tum-helix motif that binds DNA. 

TFIIA and TFIIB are two basal transcription factors that are involved in the nucleation stages of the preinitiation complex by binding to the TBP-TATA box complex. Crystal structures of the ternary complex TFIIA-TBP-TATA box have been determined by the groups of Paul Sigler, Yale University, and Timothy Richmond, ETH, Zurich, and that of the TFIIB-TBP-TATA box by Stephen Burley and collaborators. The TBP-DNA interactions and the distortions of the DNA structure are essentially the same in these ternary complexes as in the binary TBP-TATA complex. 

Sidney Altman (Yale University) and Thomas Cech (University of Colorado) shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in chemistry for showing that RNAs could function as biological catalysts. 

Bloch, K., 1994. Blondes in Venetian Paintings, the Nine-Banded Armadillo, and Other Essays in Biochemistry. New Haven Yale University Pre.ss. 

Cohen, M. (1977). The Food CaIsIs in Prehistory. New Haven Yale University Press. 

Klein, M. J. (1989). The Physics of J. Willard Gibbs in His Time. In Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium. Yale University, May 15-17, 19S9, ed. D. G. Caldi and G. D. Mnstnw. New York American Mathematical Society. 

Nernst, W. FI. (1913). Experimental and Theoretical Applications of Thermodynamics to Chemistiy. New Flaven, CT Yale University Press. 

Melvin S. Newman (1306-1993) was born in New York and received his Ph.D. in 1932 from Yale University. He was professor of chemistry at the Ohio State University (1936-1973), where he was active in both research and chemical education. 

The Drift Toward Equilibrium, H. Ey-ring, from Science in Progress, Fourth Scries, edited by G. A. Baitsell, New Haven Yale University Press, 1945, p. 169. 

Chibnall, A. C., Protein Metabolism in the Plant, New Haven, Conn., Yale University... 

Bridgman, P. W. Dimensional Analysis (Yale University Press, 1931). 

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