K-chondroitin-sulphate

On the lower curve we find Na-agar, K-chondroitin sulphate and Na-carrageen all having ester sulphate groups. We will call them sulphate colloids. 

This holds just as much for the dicomplex combination Mn-chondroitin sulphate. In fact no flocculation or coacervation is produced on mixing Mn(N03)2 and K-chondroitin sulphate. It follows from this that b also is weak. 

The fact that complex flocculation does occur on mixing isoelectric gelatin, Mn(N03)2 and K-chondroitin sulphate must, according to the above given argument, mean that c + d is considerably greater than a + 6, which in view of the smallness of a and b seems not improbable. 

Fig. 52. The four tricomplex combinations which can formally be formed from isoelectric gelatin K chondroitin sulphate (schematically symbolized by R-SO4K see however p. 420) and Ito(NOa)a.

Lips, K., Stichel, C. C., and Muller, H.-W., Restricted appearance of tenascin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans after transection and sprouting of adult rat post-commissural fornix, J. Neurocytol., 24, 449, 1995. 

R2. Reddi, K. K., and Norslrom, A., Influence of vitamin C on the utilization of sulphate labelled with sulphur-35 in the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate of the costal cartilage of the guinea pig. Nature 173, 1232-1233 (1954). 

Wollenweber, M. Domaschke, H. Hanke, T. Boxbetger, S. Schmack, G. GUesche, K. Schamweber, D. Worch, H. Mimicked bioartificial matrix containing chondroitin sulphate on a textile scaffold of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) alters the differentiation of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng. 2006 February, 12(2), 345-359. 

Since in these combinations K or Na is always present together with NO3 ions, it is important to notice that neither egg lecithin nor isoelect, gelatin nor arabinate nor chondroitin sulphate flocculates with KNO3 of NaNOg and that these salts bric about flocculation just as little in mixtures of these sols. 

It does not separate out as a independent phase but must be present in the dissolved state in which the K ion is present practically freely dissociated, on the other hand the gelatin amphoion occurs bound together with the chondroitin sulphate anion. 

Kimata, K., Oike, Y., Tani, K., Shinomura, T., Yamagata, M., Uritani, M. and Suzuki, S. (1986). A large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (PG-M) synthesised before chondrogenesis in the limb bud of chick embryo . Journal of Biol. Chem. 261, 517-13525. 

Venkatesan, J., Pallela, R., Bhatnagar, I., Kim, S.-K., 2012a. Chitosan-amylopectin/ hydroxyapatite and chitosan-chondroitin sulphate/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 51 (5), 1033-1042. 

Larsson, S. E., Lempberg, R. K. The glycosaminoglycans of the different layers of bovine articular cartilage in relation to age. II. Incorporation of 35S-sulphate in vitro into different fractions of chondroitin sulfate. Calc. Tiss. Res. 15, 253 (1974)... 

Poulsen, J.H. and Cramers, M.K., Determination of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and chondroitin 4/6 sulphate in human dermis, and a material of reference, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 42, 545, 1982. 

Cheng F, Heinegard D, Malmstrom A, Schmidtchen A, Yoshida K, Fransson LA. Patterns of uronosyl epimerization and 4-/6-0-sulphation in chondroitin/ dermatan sulphate from decorin and biglycan of various bovine tissues. Gly-cobiology 1994 4 685-696. 

Ueoka, C. Nadanaka, S. Seno, N. Khoo, K.-H. Sugahara, K. Structural determination of novel tetra-and hexasaccharide sequences isolated from chondroitin sulfate H (oversulfated dermatan sulphate) of hagfish notochord. Glycoconjugate J. 1999, 16, 291 305. 

Sugahara, K Mikami, T Uyama, T Mizuguchi, S Nomura, K Kitagawa, H. Recent advances in the structural biology of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulphate. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 2003, 13, 612-620. 

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