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Ligand-exchange

The ligand exchange reaction is an extremely versatile tool for the preparation of functionalized metal nanoparticles [81]. This method is fast and simple to use it allows one to introduce functional groups that are incompatible with other methods for nanoparticle synthesis. The importance of ligand exchange reaction made it a subject of several mechanistic studies [82]. This method is fast and simple to use it allows one to introduce functional groups on the particle surface. For example, the thiols replace can be used to modify the particle surface, vary the solubility of particles and increase the colloidal stability of metal particles. [Pg.242]

The reaction proceeds to completion only when an excess of the incoming thiol is used. Smaller amounts of thiol usually result in incomplete exchange. On the other hand, if too large an excess of thiol is used (more than 300 molar equivalents in most cases), the phosphine-stabilized nanoparticles rapidly decompose rather than undergoing ligand exchange [85]. Decomposition is also observed when the exchange reaction is carried out at elevated temperatures presumably due to the limited thermal stability of the phosphine-stabilized precursor particles in solution [86]. [Pg.243]

On the base of the experimental data, Hutchinson et al. proposed a three-stage mechanism for the ligand exchange reaction between particles and thiols [84]  [Pg.243]

1) In the initial stage, part of the phosphine ligand shell is rapidly replaced in the form of AuCllPPha) until no more particle-bound chlorides are available. [Pg.244]

2) This initial phase is followed by removal of the remaining phosphine ligands either as free PPI13 in solution (pathway I) or through direct transfer of PPI13 to closely associated AuClCPPhs) (pathway II). [Pg.244]


Lover T ef a/1997 Functionalization and capping of a CdS nanocluster a study of ligand exchange by electrospray mass spectrometry Chem. Mater. 9 1878... [Pg.2919]

Lover T efa/1997 Electrospray mass spectrometry of thiophenolate-capped clusters of CdS, CdSe and ZnS and cadmium and zinc thiophenolate complexes observation of fragmentation and metal, chalcogenide and ligand exchange processes Inorg. Chem. 36 3711... [Pg.2919]

Lithiation at C2 can also be the starting point for 2-arylatioii or vinylation. The lithiated indoles can be converted to stannanes or zinc reagents which can undergo Pd-catalysed coupling with aryl, vinyl, benzyl and allyl halides or sulfonates. The mechanism of the coupling reaction involves formation of a disubstituted palladium intermediate by a combination of ligand exchange and oxidative addition. Phosphine catalysts and salts are often important reaction components. [Pg.98]

Fig. 4. A ligand-exchange chiral selector complexed with a chiral analyte. Fig. 4. A ligand-exchange chiral selector complexed with a chiral analyte.
Achiral Columns Together with Chiral Mobile Phases. Ligand-exchange chromatography for chiral separation has been introduced (59), and has been appHed to the resolution of several a-amino acids. Prior derivatization is sometimes necessary. Preparative resolutions are possible, but the method is sensitive to small variations in the mobile phase and sometimes gives poor reproducibiUty. [Pg.279]

Cobalt exists in the +2 or +3 valence states for the majority of its compounds and complexes. A multitude of complexes of the cobalt(III) ion [22541-63-5] exist, but few stable simple salts are known (2). Werner s discovery and detailed studies of the cobalt(III) ammine complexes contributed gready to modem coordination chemistry and understanding of ligand exchange (3). Octahedral stereochemistries are the most common for the cobalt(II) ion [22541-53-3] as well as for cobalt(III). Cobalt(II) forms numerous simple compounds and complexes, most of which are octahedral or tetrahedral in nature cobalt(II) forms more tetrahedral complexes than other transition-metal ions. Because of the small stabiUty difference between octahedral and tetrahedral complexes of cobalt(II), both can be found in equiUbrium for a number of complexes. Typically, octahedral cobalt(II) salts and complexes are pink to brownish red most of the tetrahedral Co(II) species are blue (see Coordination compounds). [Pg.377]

In another fluxional process involving ruthenium instead of rhodium, it has been shown that the rate-controlling step is the complex dissociation and that the ligand exchanges between the two annular nitrogen atoms by an intermolecular process. [Pg.213]

Ligand exchange Equihbrium Chromatographic separation of glucose-fructose mixtures with Ca-form resins Removal of hea y metals with chelating resins Affinity chromatography... [Pg.1497]

The ligand exchange reaction of tin halides with bis(trifliioroinethyl)iner-cury has been used to prepare trifluoromethyltin halides [6 7] (equation 5)... [Pg.671]

Bis(trifluoromethyl)cadinium reagent undergoes a related ligand-exchange process [S] (equation 6)... [Pg.671]

Ligand exchange reactions can be used to prepare perfluoroalkylzinc compounds Solvated trifluoromethylzinc compounds can be synthesized via the reaction of dialkylzincs with bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury [36] (equation 27) A similar exchange process with bis(trif]uorometliyl)cadinium and diraethylzinc gives a mixture of tnfluoromethylcadmium and zinc compounds [77]... [Pg.676]


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Acetonitrile ligand exchange reactions

Albumin, ligand exchange reactions with

Albumin, ligand exchange reactions with compounds

Alkynyl ligand exchange, metal-acetylide

Aluminum complexes ligand exchange reactions

Amino acids ligand exchange

Arene Ligand Exchange

Associative Ligand Exchange at Square-Planar Palladium(II)

Associative Ligand Exchange at Square-Planar Platinum(II)

Associative ligand exchange

Associative ligand exchange square-planar substitution reactions

Axial-equatorial ligand exchange

Beryllium , ligand exchange

Boronic ligand exchange with

By ligand exchange

Carbonyl complexes by ligand exchange

Cation exchange macrocyclic ligands

Chemical reactivity ligand-exchange reactions

Chiral Separation by Ligand Exchange

Chiral ligand exchange chromatograph

Chiral ligand exchange chromatography CLEC)

Chiral ligand-exchange

Chiral ligand-exchange CLEC)

Chiral ligand-exchange chromatography

Chiral ligand-exchange separations

Chiral ligand-exchange-type

Chiral ligand-exchangers

Chiral phases ligand exchange

Chromium complexes ligand exchange reactions

Chromium ligand exchange

Citrate-ligand exchange

Cobalt, ligand exchange rates

Complex Formation and Ligand-Exchange Reactions

Complexation chromatography ligand exchange

Complexation reactions ligand exchange

Coordination and Exchange of Ligands

Copper complexes ligand exchange

Copper ligand exchange

Correlations ligand exchange

Davankov ligand exchange

Davankov ligand exchange chiral

Degenerate ligand exchange

Dissociative ligand exchange

Drugs, gold ligand exchange reactions

Dynamics of Dihydrogen-Hydride Ligand Systems Hydrogen Rotation, Exchange, and Quantum-Mechanical Effects

Effects due to Ligand Exchange in Nickel Complexes

Equilibrium ligand-exchange

Ethylenediamine, ligand exchange reactions

Exchange Reactions Involving Noncarbyne Ligands

Exchange mechanisms, ligands

Exchange of excess metal ligands

Exchange of ligands

Exchange processes (cont ligands

Ferrocenes ligand exchange

Formaldehyde, ligand exchange

General mechanisms of ligand exchange

Gold complexes ligand exchange reactions

Hague 1 Complex Formation involving Unsubstituted Metal Ions Unidentate Ligands and Solvent Exchange

Heteroatomic ligand exchange in heterophosphonium salts

Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ligand Binding and Protein Aggregation

Hypervalent iodine ligand exchange

Intramolecular ligand exchange

Introduction Measuring Relative BF3 Affinity by Ligand Exchange in Solution

Iodide ligands exchange

Ion exchange materials phosphorus-containing ligands

Ion exchange materials sulfur-containing ligands

Iron complexes ligand exchange reactions

Kinases ligand exchange

Kinetics ligand-exchange reactions

Kinetics simple ligand-exchange constants

Layers ligand-exchange chromatography

Ligand Exchange (Chemisorption)

Ligand Exchange CSPs

Ligand Exchange and Reductive Elimination

Ligand Exchange and Replacement

Ligand Exchange and Substitution

Ligand Exchange at Two Sites

Ligand Exchange with Nickel(O) Complexes

Ligand Exchange with Nickel-Alkene Complexes

Ligand dissociation, exchange

Ligand exchange and coupling in sulfuranes

Ligand exchange at palladium

Ligand exchange at silicon

Ligand exchange at square planar

Ligand exchange between dialkylmagnesium compounds

Ligand exchange cationic sandwiches

Ligand exchange chiral selectors

Ligand exchange consequences

Ligand exchange defined

Ligand exchange definition

Ligand exchange equilibrium reaction

Ligand exchange formation

Ligand exchange kinetic stability

Ligand exchange kinetics

Ligand exchange mechanism for

Ligand exchange mechanisms in inorganic halide complexes

Ligand exchange neutral complexes

Ligand exchange processes

Ligand exchange processes carbonyl compound

Ligand exchange processes process

Ligand exchange processes, bridged

Ligand exchange rates

Ligand exchange reactions

Ligand exchange reactions activation parameters

Ligand exchange reactions associative mechanism

Ligand exchange reactions calcium complexes

Ligand exchange reactions dissociative mechanism

Ligand exchange reactions dissociatively activated reaction mechanism

Ligand exchange reactions kinetic data

Ligand exchange reactions outer-sphere complex formation constant

Ligand exchange reactions pseudohalide complexes

Ligand exchange reactions second-order rate constants

Ligand exchange reactions, processes

Ligand exchange reactivity

Ligand exchange reagents

Ligand exchange separations

Ligand exchange solid state

Ligand exchange sulfoxides

Ligand exchange surface complex model

Ligand exchange synthesis

Ligand exchange thermodynamic stability

Ligand exchange type selectors

Ligand exchange, chromatography

Ligand exchange, dissociation kinetics

Ligand exchange, general

Ligand exchange, pincer complexes

Ligand exchange/substitution

Ligand exchange/substitution associative

Ligand exchange/substitution dissociative

Ligand exchange/substitution interchange

Ligand exchanges, benzene

Ligand isotopic exchange reactions

Ligand orbitals, exchanged electron

Ligand site exchange

Ligand substitution by ion exchange in non-aqueous solvents

Ligand substitution reactions exchange

Ligand substitution solvent exchange reactions

Ligand, additivity exchange

Ligand-Exchange Equilibrium Measurements in Trapping Devices

Ligand-exchange CSP

Ligand-exchange chiral stationary phases

Ligand-exchange chromatography amino acids

Ligand-exchange chromatography chiral separations

Ligand-exchange chromatography metal ions

Ligand-exchange mechanism, inner-sphere

Ligand-exchange mechanism, inner-sphere surface complex formation

Ligand-exchange methods

Ligand-exchange phases

Ligand-exchange reaction identity

Ligand-exchange reaction induced

Ligand-exchange reaction solvent effect

Ligand-exchange reactions, preparation

Ligand-exchange studies

Ligand-exchange technique

Ligand-exchange type CSPs

Ligand-site exchange mechanism

Ligand-site exchange processes

Ligands ligand exchange

Ligands ligand exchange

Ligated Metal Ions Ligand Exchange

Ligation of zeolite exchanged transition ions with Schiff base-type ligands

Ligation of zeolite exchanged transition ions with bidentate aza ligands

Ligation of zeolite exchanged transition ions with tri- and tetra-aza(cyclo)alkane ligands

Metal carbonyls, ligand site exchange

Metal ions ligand exchange processes

Metals ligand exchange

Mixed-ligand complexes exchange reactions

Mobile-phase-additive ligand-exchange

Mobile-phase-additive ligand-exchange chromatography

Molecular ligand exchange reactions

Nickel , ligand exchange reactions

Nickel ligand exchange

Oae, S., Furukawa, N„ Heteroaromatic Sulfoxides and Sulfones: Ligand Exchange

Olefin and Acetylene Ligand Exchange

Other Systems that Exchange Hydrogens in H2 and Hydride Ligands

Pentacoordinate silicon complexes ligand exchange

Phosphine ligands, exchange

Photochemical ligand exchange

Polymeric ligand exchange

Polymeric ligand exchangers

Porphyrins axial ligand exchange

Proton exchange amine ligands

Reactions ligand exchange mechanisms

Redox 1 ligand exchange

Resin Microspheres as Stationary Phase for Liquid Ligand Exchange Chromatography Zhikuan Chai

Rhodium ligand exchange

Scandium, ligand exchange

Selective ligand exchange reaction, treatment

Silane Ligands and Exchange with cis Hydrides

Solvent and Ligand Exchange

Square-planar substitution reactions ligand exchange

Stereoselective ligand exchange

Structure Changes Prior to Ligand Exchange

Substitution and Exchange Reactions of CO Ligands

Sulfates ligand exchange

Sulfuranes, ligand exchange

Tetrakis ligand exchange

Thallium ligand exchange reactions

Thermal ligand exchange

Thin-layer ligand-exchange

Thin-layer ligand-exchange chromatographic separation

Thin-layer ligand-exchange chromatography

Thin-layer ligand-exchange enantiomers

Transition ligand exchange reactions

Tungsten ligand exchange

Unidentate Ligand Exchange

Vanadium complexes ligand exchange

Vinylidene complexes ligand exchange

Water-exchange rate lead-ligand kinetics

Yttrium , ligand exchange

Zirconium complexes ligand exchange reactions

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