Heparan sulphate

Syndecans are transmembrane proteins, which are modified by the addition of heparan sulphate glycos-aminoglycan (GAG) chains and other sugars. Syndecans bind a wide variety of different ligands via their heparan sulphate chains. Binding specificities may vary depending on cell-type specific modifications of the heparan sulphate chains. 

EC-SOD is a copper-zinc enzyme located on endothelial cell surfaces. It is believed that EC-SOD binds to the vasculature via specific glycosaminoglycans — probably heparan sulphate on the endothelium. The association of EC-SOD with endothelial cell surfaces may indicate a cell-specific protective role. Eig/ity per cent of SOD activity in control, noninflamed synovial fluid is due to EC-SOD and its concentration is decreased by 50% in RA fluid (Marklund etal., 1986). 

HRA Histamine-releasing activity HRAN Neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity HRf Homologous-restriction factor HRF Histamine-releasing factor HRP Horseradish peroxidase HSA Human serum albumin HSP Heat-shock protein HS-PG Heparan sulphate protet ycan... 

Perrimon, N. and Bernfield, M. (2000), Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes , Nature (London), 404, 725-728. 

Ascencio, F., Fransson, L. A., and Wadstrom, T. (1993). Affinity of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori for the N-sulphated glycosaminoglvcan heparan sulphate. J. Med. Microbiol 38, 240-244. 

Nadanaka, S. and Kitagawa, H. (2008). Heparan sulphate biosynthesis and disease.. Biochem. 144, 7-14. 

Tiedemann, K., Batge, B., Muller, P. K., and Reinhardt, D. P. (2001). Interactions of fibrillin-1 with heparin/heparan sulphate, implications for microfibrillar assembly. / Biol. Chem. 276, 36035-36042. 

R. M. Pino. The cell surface of fenestrated endothelium. Q Dynamics of cationic ferritin binding and the identification of heparin and heparan sulphate domains on the... 

Poulsen, J.H. and Cramers, M.K., Determination of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and chondroitin 4/6 sulphate in human dermis, and a material of reference, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 42, 545, 1982. 

Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) Tissue-specific functions FGFs bind to heparan-sulphate glycosaminoglycans FGFRs Homo and heterodimeric tyrosine kinases... 

Smeds E, Habuchi H, Do AT, Hjertson E, Grundberg H, Kimata K, Lindahl U, Kusche-Gullberg M. Substrate specificities of mouse heparan sulphate glucosaminyl 6-O-sulphotransferases. Biochem. J. 2003 372(2)371-380. 

Bishop JR, Schuksz M, Esko JD. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology. Nature 2007 446 1030-1037. 

Various biochemical methods are available for measuring heparanase and other glycosidase activities. The former can be assayed by a method that makes use of a solid-phase substrate for heparanase, such as chemically-modified heparan sulphate coupled covalently at its reducing terminal saccharide to agarose gel beads. The reader is referred to Nakagima et al. (1986). 

Heparinoids. Danaparinoid sodium is a mixture of several types of non-heparin glycosaminoglycans extracted from pig intestinal mucosa (84% heparan sulphate). It is an effective anticoagulant for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis in high-risk patients and treatment of patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. 

The main constituents of the extracellular matrix are (1.) collagen, particularly the fibrillary types I (36%), III (36%) and V (16%) as well as the non-fibrillary types FV (9%), VI (0.2%) and to a minor degree also type VII, (2.) glycoproteins (fibronectin, tenascin, laminin, undulin, elastin, entactin), and (2.) proteoglycans of both the core protein and the glycosaminoglycan type (e.g. chondroitin, heparan sulphate, hyaluronic add, dermatan sulphate). 

Dreef-Tromp, C M, Willems, HAM, Westerduin, P, van Veelen, P, van Boeckel, C A A, Polymer-supported solution synthesis of heparan sulphate-like oligomers, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett, 7, 1175-1180, 1997. 

GlcUAp t -3Galp t -3Gaip t -4Xyl-Ser CHONDROITIN/DERMATAN/HEPARAN SULPHATE CORE... 

Chondroitin sulphate backbone Heparan sulphate backbone... 

Although the structures of HA and other GAGs closely resemble each other, it should be noted that NO and especially its derivatives are capable of cleaving heparan and heparan sulphate [265] as well as ChS [266]. In contrast, however, these ROS are not able to induce fragmentation of HA. The reasons for this remarkable difference are not known. 

Uniparin and many other names) is a (parenteral) ANTICOAGULANT, the sodium salt of heparin, heparitin sulphate heparan sulphate, hepatitis B immunoglobulin eglobuUn. immune, heptaminol [ban, inn] is an aminoheptanol derivative, a coronary vasodilator and carduc stimulant, formerly used to treat cardiovascular disorders. 

Suleo-C carbaryl. suleparoid sodium heparan sulphate, sulfabenz [inn, usan] (sulfanilaniiide) is a sulphonamide with ANTIBACTERIAL activity and was used as a veterinary ANTICOCCIDIAL. 

Ford, M. D., Bartlett, P. F., and Nurcombe, V., Co-localization of FGF-2 and a novel heparan sulphate proteoglycan in embryonic mouse brain, NeumReport, 5, 565,1994. 

Fransson, L.A. Carlstedt, I. Coster, L. Mal-mstrom, A. The functions of the heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Ciba Found. Symp. 1986, 124, 125-142. 

---