Crosslinking collagen

Barnard K, Light ND, Sims TJ and Bailey AJ (1987) Chemistry of the collagen crosslinks. Origin and partial characterization of a putative mature cross-link of collagen. Biochem J 244, 303-309. 

Linde A and Robins SP (1988) Quantitative assessment of collagen crosslinks in dissected predentin and dentin. Collagen Rel Res 8, 443-450. 

Walters C and Eyre DR (1983) Collagen crosslinks in human dentin increasing content of hydroxypyridinium residues with age. Calcif Tissue Int 35, 401-405. 

Davis NR (1973) A method for the determination of lysine-derived collagen crosslinks. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 52, 877-883. 

Horgan DJ, King NL, Kurth LB and Kuypers R (1990) Collagen crosslinks and their relationship to the thermal properties of calf tendons. Arch Biochem Biophys 281, 21-26. 

Mechanic GL, Kuboki Y, Shimokawa H, Nakamoto K, Sasaki S and Kawanishi Y (1974) Collagen crosslinks direct quantitative determination of stable structural crosslinks in bone and dentin collagens. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 60, 756-763. 

Ng MR, Brugge JS (2009) A stiff blow from the stroma collagen crosslinking drives tumor progression. Cancer Cell 16 455 57... 

These agents bind the copper so that it is solublized and excreted in the urine. They are effective because of their high affinity for copper(II) over other metals in the body. Although both isomers of penicillamine bind copper equally well it has been found that the L-form is toxic. Interestingly D-penicillamine is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis where it acts to reduce collagen crosslinking the enzymes responsible for this process are largely copper centred. 

I.L.2.1 Matrix Degradation Monitored as Urinary Levels of Collagen Crosslinks 251... 

Also assessing these collagen crosslinks from different sources as serum, urine, synovial fluid and synovial tissue, Kaufmann et al. (2003) even reach a detection limit of 25 fM for pyridinoline and 56 fM for deoxypyridinoline with a modified HPLC procedure. 

In their methodological concept, Mueller et al. (2003) discern between free and peptide-bound collagen crosslinks from urine samples of patients displaying different skeletal diseases, and argue that this discrimination might further characterize the underlying disorder. 

The films prepared from a mixture of collagen fiber and soluble collagen crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were all intact after 90 days implantation. 

Last, J.A., King, T.E.Jr., Nerlich, A. M. etal. (1990). Collagen crosslinking in adult patients with acute and chronic Bbrotic lung disease molecular markers for fibrotic collagen. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141, 307-313. 

The spatial variation of crosslinks at bone-forming trabecular surfaces (within 50 gm) in patients with osteoporotic or multiple spontaneous fractures was significantly different from that in normal bone, and the collagen crosslink ratio was higher. It has been hypothesized that the matrix produced in osteoporosis might mature more quickly or undergo post-translational modifications for a longer time than normal bone matrix. 

In contrast to trabecular bone, in the cortical bone of ovx monkeys the mineral content was significantly increased in endosteal regions, while the crystallinity and collagen crosslink ratio remained constant in both periosteal and endosteal tissue [66]. Because these parameters displayed different trends in cortical and trabecular bone, the compositional adaptations may be site-specific. 

Bone composition, such as mineralizahon, carbonate accumulation, crystallinity and collagen crosslinking, has been shown to change with age [41], and is correlated with the bone s mechanical properhes [42, 43]. In microdamaged bone, the collagen crosslinking is altered but the mineralization and crystallinity are unaffected [44] (Figure 14.6). Alterahons in bone composition have been observed in diseases such as osteoporosis [45], osteopetrosis [46] and osteoarthritis [47]. The treatment of osteoporosis with nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic steroid, was shown to alter the cortical bone composition [48], whereas treatment with bisphos-phonates had little effect [49]. 

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