Chlorinated river water

Lee JH, C Na, RL Ramirez, TM Olson (2006) Cyanogen chloride precursor analysis in chlorinated river water. Environ Sci Technol 40 1478-1484. 

Fig. 2.6.18. LC-MS-MS analysis of halogenated alkylphenolic compounds in chlorinated river water (the Llobregat river, Spain). MRM mode (a) 253 —> 167 for detection of 35C1 nonylphenolic compounds (b) 297 — 79 for 79BrNP (c) 355 —> 297 for 79BrNPE C (d) 399 — 297 for 79BrNPE2C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [39] 2002 American...

On September 15, several key systems were resampled in addition to several air compressor condensate lines and pre- and post-chlorination river water. Raw river water had a fairly modest count (1,500/ml) with a wide variety of species. Post-chlorinated water was collected in thiosulfate to neutralize the residual chlorine. The results suggest that short-term contact (seconds) had no effect on the total count (1,200/ml), although only two species were detected in this sample. A sample of service water was collected from the main header at a point most distal (south) from the intake source. The count was reduced to 21/ml. All the service water systems except one exhibited extremely... 

The reaction of aHyl chloride and chlorine ia water produces trichloropropane as a by-product even ia the aqueous phase, along with tetrachloropropyl ether. For maximum dichi orohydrin yield it is necessary to mn the reaction at low concentrations of chloride ion and of chlorohydrin, that is, with high water dilution. However, high dilution results ia an aqueous effluent that contains minor amounts of these by-products that require significant treatment to reduce them to levels acceptable ia outfalls to rivers, lakes, and other pubHc waterways. 

Veningerova M, Prachar V, Kovacicova J, et al. 1998. Levels of chlorinated phenols in Danube river water. Fresenius Environ Bull 7 224-231. 

Amino acids have been found in samples of river water (Lee et al. 2006), and chlorination of glycine may produce cyanogen chloride, via A,A-dichloroglycine. At pH values >6, this is converted into cyanogen chloride, whereas at lower pH values A-chloromethylimine is formed (Na and Olson 2006). 

Selecting an approach To check for chlorine in the river water, there are many potential techniques. The simplest one would be a total chlorine test strip, in which the chlorine in the water reacts with chemicals on the paper to change the color. 

Thus it can be seen that the mean concentration of DAS1 plus DSBP (pg kgy 1) in sediments is some 16000 times greater than it is in the overlying water layer. In the case of BLS this factor exceeds 250000. Similar large factors have been observed in the case of chlorinated insecticides in river waters i.e. bioaccumulation factors of the order of 104. 

Another approach consists of an in-situ acetylation and extraction of NPEOs and further analysis of the acetyl derivatives. The method has been applied to analyse effluent water and sewage sludges [102,103], sediments [104] and river waters [105]. Silylated derivatives [106] using BSA or BSTFA have also been used to determine NPEO (n < 6) in seawater [107] and wastewater [107,108], sediments [109] and sludges from wool scour effluents [110]. Halogenated derivatives of alkylphenols (AP) can also be formed as a result of chlorination practices in water treatment or wastewater if bromide is present. Brominated OPs and NPs (BrAPEOs) have been identified by GC-MS in sewage [111] and tap water [89], respectively. 

A case control study of 6,913 individuals living near a Korean river contaminated with 30 tons of 100% phenol found nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain among 1,824 exposed subjects compared to 1,064 unexposed subjects (Kim et al. 1994). The level of phenol measured in the two reservoirs that served the community was 0.05 mg/L after the spill, while that in the chlorinated tap water was... 

Two reported identifications Of-1,2-diphenylhydrazine in water samples were located in the literature. Melton et al. (1981) reported that 1,2-diphenylhydrazine was present in Cincinnati, OH, drinking water (river water treated by coagulation, sand filtration, and chlorination). 

RICHARD, J. J. and FRITZ, J. S. Adsorption of Chlorinated Pesticides from River Water with XAD-2 Resin. Talanta, 21, 91 (1974). 

Figure 5. Molecular weight determination of a drinking water concentrate with Sephadex LH20. Sampling, 7 X l(P-fold concentration of chlorinated drinking water (Rhine River Source), elution with DMSO, and subsequent gel filtration were as described in Materials and Methods. After the absc bance at 263 nm was measured, the fractions were pooled as indicated. After dilution in water, the fractions were reconcentrated on XAD-4/8, eluted with DMSO, and assayed in the Salmonella mutagenicity test (strain...

Bush et al. (6), who analyzed water and sediments from the same reach of the Hudson River, also found pronounced differences in congener mixtures between the environmental PCB residues and the source Aroclors. The congener mixtures in the sediment samples were significantly skewed toward the less chlorinated congeners, but no change in PCB composition with depth in sediment was observed. Several of these sediment samples were contaminated with a PCB residue that resembled congener patterns found in the river water. 

As more chlorines are added in the polychlorinated biphenyl series (PCBs), the measured log Poct values taper off asymptotically to a maximum value of 8.55 (de Bruijn, 1989). This is most probably due to the fact that the l(h3M octanol which is present in the water phase is much greater than the amount of PCB, and it acts as a detergent/ sequestering the miniscule amount of any solute with log P>7.5. Of course, this may make measured octanol/water an improved model for many actual environmental systems. River water with a heavy load of sediment will adsorb hydrophobic solutes and appear to solvate them better than pure water. The only real problem in calculating the log Poct of PCBs whose log P<7.0 is allowing for the decreased hydrophobicity of chlorines in the ortho position. Again, most programs handle this reasonably well, as the examples in Table 5.6 show. 

The variability of environmental data must also be regarded as being dependent on space and/or time. As an example, the temporal variability is demonstrated for the occurrence of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in river water (Fig. 1 -5). The very different pattern for the time functions of the selected volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons at two sampling locations 40 km apart shows that the concentration fluctuations are quite random. 

Surface water half-lives range from t/2 4-11 d in freshwater systems, t/2 = 0.1-10 d in cloud water, t,/2 > 1000 d in oceans for PCBs with as many as 8 chlorines for OH- oxidation (Sedlak Andren 1991) t/2 = 13-38 min for dichlorobiphenyl in St. Lawrence River water containing 3 ng/mL of total PCB irradiated by sunlight in the presence of 100 pg/mL TiOz (Huang et al. 1996)... 

De Ruiter et al. [4] observed that photochemical decomposition by ultraviolet irradiation of dansyl derivatives of chlorinated phenolic compounds in methanol-water mixtures led to the formation of highly fluorescent dansyl-OH and dansyl-OH3 species. The optimal irradiation time was 5.5s. This reaction was utilised in a post-column photochemical reactor in the high performance liquid chromatography determination of highly chlorinated phenols in river water. The method calibration curve (for dansylated pentachlorophenol) was linear over three orders of magnitude. 

Should the data concerning carbamazepine be of more general validity, estuarine areas, and even more the deltas because of their shallower water, could be important locations for the photochemical transformation of pollutants transported by river water. Also note that carbamazepine underwent oxidation and dimerization in the presence of Fe(III) + chloride, and chlorination only to a... 

Regarding ozonation processes, the treatment with ozone leads to halogen-free oxygenated compounds (except when bromide is present), mostly aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketoacids, ketones, etc. [189]. The evolution of analytical techniques and their combined use have allowed some researchers to identify new ozone by-products. This is the case of the work of Richardson et al. [189,190] who combined mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy together with derivatization methods. These authors found numerous aldehydes, ketones, dicarbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, aldo and keto acids, and nitriles from the ozonation of Mississippi River water with 2.7-3 mg L 1 of TOC and pH about 7.5. They also identified by-products from ozonated-chlorinated (with chlorine and chloramine) water. In these cases, they found haloalkanes, haloalkenes, halo aldehydes, haloketones, haloacids, brominated compounds due to the presence of bromide ion, etc. They observed a lower formation of halocompounds formed after ozone-chlorine or chloramine oxidations than after single chlorination or chlorami-nation, showing the beneficial effect of preozonation. 

No iron salts (or salts of other heavy metals) should be allowed to come into contact with the product either during the operation or when storing, as they cause it to decompose with the liberation of oxygen [see equation (XIII-22)]. For this reason it is better to use steam condensate for the preparation of the caustic solution instead of river water. Sodium hypochlorite prepared in this way is a solution which contains 150 grams of active chlorine per litre as well as 140 g of NaCl, 3 to 5 g of NaOH, 5 to 8 g of Na COg and maximum of 0.01 g Fe. 

River water, treated by chlorination and copper sulfate 81... 

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