Chewing production

In north India there are various regional chewing products that contain tobacco, areca nut and slaked lime. Some of these include mainpuri tobacco and mawa. Khaini is a mixture of dried tobacco and slaked lime that is held in the mouth and used in northern India. Chewing tobacco alone is not common in India. 

Acesulfame K. Acesulfame K [55589-62-3] C H NO S -K, is an oxathia2iae derivative approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose at a 3% concentration ia solutioa (70). It is approved for use as a nonnutritive sweeteaer ia 25 couatties (71), and ia the United States has approval for use in chewing gum, confectionery products, dry mixes for beverages, puddings, gelatins, and dairy product analogues, and as a tabletop sweetener (72). 

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

Thaumatin (trade name Talin) is a very potent sweetener (ca 2000X, 10% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence). However, its potency is overshadowed by inferior taste quaUties. The onset of sweetness is very slow, and after reaching the maximum sweetness, a very long-lingering sweetness combined with an unpleasant aftertaste follows. Primarily owing to this poor taste quaUty, thaumatin is not considered a practically useflil sweetener. It is, however, used as a flavor enhancer, especially in products such as chewing gum. Thaumatin and thaumatin B-recombinant were affirmed GRAS flavors (EEMA no. 3732 and 3814, respectively). They are not approved as sweeteners in the United States. 

Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (VAc), CH2=CHOOCCH2, the ethenyl ester of acetic acid, is primarily use for the manufacture of poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] (PVAc) and vinyl acetate copolymers. Poly(vinyl acetate) homo- and copolymers are found as components in coatings, paints and sealants, binders (adhesives, nonwovens, constmction products, and carpet-backing), and miscellaneous uses such as chewing gum and tablet coatings. AppHcations have grown over the years in a number of areas (1 4). 

Polyisobutylene and isobutylene—isoprene copolymers are considered to have no chronic hazard associated with exposure under normal industrial use. Some grades can be used in chewing-gum base, and are regulated by the PDA in 21 CPR 172.615. Vulcanized products prepared from butyl mbber or halogenated butyl mbber contain small amounts of toxic materials as a result of the particular vulcanization chemistry. Although many vulcanizates are inert, eg, zinc oxide cured chlorobutyl is used extensively in pharmaceutical stoppers, specific recommendations should be sought from suppHers. 

An alternative chewing gum base is obtained from jelutong, a mixture of polyisoprene and resin obtained from latex of the Dyera costulata. This tree is found in many countries but Borneo is the principal commercial source. At one time jelutong was an important rubber substitute and 40000 tons were produeed in 1910. Production in recent years has been of the order of 5000 tons per annum, mainly for chewing gum. 

Bismuth subsalicylate—Immediately report any symptoms of salicylate toxicity (ringing in the ears, rapid respirations). Chew tablets thoroughly or dissolve them in the mouth. Do not swallow tablets whole Stools may become dark. This is normal and will disappear when tiie drug therapy is discontinued. Do not take this drug with aspirin or aspirin products. 

Mesalamine—Swallow tablets whole do not chew them. For the suppository, remove foil wrapper and immediately insert tiie pointed end into the rectum without using force. For tiie suspension form, instructions are included with the product. Shake well, remove the protective sheath from the applicator tip, and gently insert the tip into the rectum. Partially intact tablets may be found in the stool if this occurs, notify the primary health care provider. 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Saliva. In vitro experiments had indicated that the tobacco-specific nitrosamines are formed also during snuff dipping (26). Therefore, we analyzed the saliva of snuff dippers and tobacco chewers. A comparison of the results demonstrated the presence of TSNA in saliva at a wide range of concentrations (Table Vl), which could be ascribed to differences in the product, but also to differences in the manner of chewing, and, lastly, to individual factors in each person s saliva. 

Lakes are prepared by adsorption or precipitation of a soluble dye on an insoluble substrate (e.g., alumina). They are useful in fatty products that have insufficient moisture to dissolve dyes (coated tablets, cake mixes, hard candies, chewing gum). Lakes are insoluble in most solvents including water, have high opacity, are easily incorporated in dry media, and show higher stability to light and heat. They are effective colorants for candies, pills, fats, and oils. The main characteristics and differences between lakes and dyes are well documented. ... 

Many sweets (confections) must be colored, a strong point in their attractiveness for consiuners. The commonly colored products are candies (starch jellies, candy cream centers, pan-coated candies, and hard candies), tablets, wafers, oil-based coatings, and chewing gmns. 

Pancreatic enzyme replacement is the mainstay of gastrointestinal therapy. Most enzyme products are formulated as capsules containing enteric-coated microspheres or microtablets to avoid inactivation of enzymes in the acidic stomach instead, they dissolve in the more alkaline environment of the duodenum. Capsules may be opened and the microbeads swallowed with food, as long as they are not chewed. A powder form is available for patients unable to swallow the capsules or microbeads, but bioavailability is poor. While products may contain similar enzyme ratios, they are not bioequivalent and cannot be substituted. Generic enzyme products generally display poor dissolution and should not be used.5 Table 13-3 lists commonly used enzyme replacement products. 

Chewable Tablets. It has already been noted that most elderly patients experience a decrease in their ability to chew efficiently [125,137,138,143]. Therefore, by virtue of their design, chewable tablets are not often recommended for use by elderly patients (particularly those who are edentulous) 155-163,164], Most chewable formulations also rely on an adequate amount of chewing action to obtain full release of their ingredients (e.g., chewing promotes the foaming action provided by some chewable antacid products). So, aside from being difficult form the elderly patient to use, full benefit of a chewable dosage form may not be achieved by these patients. Additionally, the use of chewable tablets by denture wearers may cause local irritation in the oral cavity [155]. 

Another factor responsible for regulating the levels of p53 by (3-carotene could be the dose employed. At high carotenoid concentrations, an increase in p53 expression was observed in SCC cells (Schwartz, 1993) and in HL-60 cells (Palozza et al 2002b). In HL-60 cells, the treatment with the carotenoid induced a remarkable increase in ROS production, accompanied by an enhanced expression of p21WAFl and by a concomitant arrest of cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase (Palozza et al., 2002b). An arrest of cell cycle, accompanied by apoptosis induction, was also observed following dietary supplementation with lutein (Chew et al., 2003). The inhibition of mouse mammary tumor growth by lutein was also supported by the observed increase in the expression of p53 and Bax induced by the carotenoid (Chew et al., 2003). 

When zinc and a,a -dibromo-o-xylene are irradiated with ultrasonic waves at room temperature, synthetically useful quantities of the reactive intermediate, o xylylene, are generated which can be treated in situ with activated olefins to give good yields of cycloaddition products(30). Chew and Ferrier used this methodolgy to generate a-xylylene for the synthesis of optically pure functionalized hexahydroanthracenes(31). The reaction with lithium takes a different course(19). Rather than generate the -xylylene intermediate, ionic species are produced. The two fates of a, a -dibromo-o-xylene are presented in the scheme below ... 

K. Evans and C. Heron, Glue, disinfectant and chewing gum natural products chemistry in archaeology, Chem. Ind., 12, 446 449 (1993). 

CHEW, F.S., Biological effects of glucosinolates. In Biologically Active Natural Products Potential Use in Agriculture (H.G. Cutler, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington DC. 1988, pp. 155-181. 

Typically, sorption isotherms are constructed for a single food ingredient or food system. An alternative approach is to plot the moisture content versus water activity (or relative vapor pressure) values for a variety of as is food ingredients and food systems. The result is a composite food isotherm (Figure 17). The composite isotherm fits the typical shape observed for a sorption isotherm for an individual food system, with a few products falling above or below the isotherm curve (chewing gum, honey, raisins, bread, and colby and cheddar cheeses). Slade and Levine (1991) were the first to construct such a plot using moisture content and aw values from van den... 

There are different ways of treating dryness of the mouth. Drinking frequently and taking small sips can help but also chewing on ice cubes or small bits of fruit stimulates the production of saliva. Lubricant oral spray, chewing gum or oral gel, containing for example malic acid, can stimulate saliva secretion as long as there is still... 

In April, an EC scientific committee concluded that there was reason for concern about estimated exposures of the phthalate DINP to toddlers chewing soft P VC toys. A study commissioned by the Dutch Health Ministry also failed to provide a robust defence of the plasticisers. Elsewhere, the Canadian Health Ministry has advised retailers to withdraw PVC teethers and find alternatives to soft PVC in other toddlers toys. Toys R Us has announced a worldwide withdrawal of teethers and other direct-to-mouth products containing phthalates. 

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