Secretion saliva

There are different ways of treating dryness of the mouth. Drinking frequently and taking small sips can help but also chewing on ice cubes or small bits of fruit stimulates the production of saliva. Lubricant oral spray, chewing gum or oral gel, containing for example malic acid, can stimulate saliva secretion as long as there is still... 

Kimura, M., I. Kimura, and F. J. Chen. Combined potentiating effects of by-akko-ka-ninjin-to, its constituents, rhizomes of anemarrhena, asphodeloides, timosaponin a-III, and calcium on pilocarpine-induced saliva secretion in strep-tozocin-diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 1996 19(7) 926-931. 

Fig. 2 Defective saliva secretion in AQP5 null mice, a Photograph of saUva collected over 5 min from mice of indicated genotype. Salivation was stimulated by pilocarpine, b Averaged ( SE) osmolality and sodium concentration of saliva collected from wildtype and AQP5 null mice. From Ma et al. (1999)...

NATURE OF DAMAGE. Crusts Consisting of grey-coloured scales are found on the parts attacked. If the crust is detached with a knife, the layer of hark or skin beneath is red in colour, because the saliva secreted during sucking reacts with the sap and leads to reddening. This reddening can be very clearly seen, especially on the fruit. 

Occasional Abdominal pain, xerostomia (diminished saliva secretion), fever, feeling of cold,... 

Vesicles containing proteins destined for intracellular use in lysosomes or outer membranes bud off from the trans face of the Golgi. Depending on their contents, some of the vesicles are diverted to nonsecretory vesicles by the presence of phosphomannose residues on their N-linked glycans or by possessing domains rich in hydrophobic amino acids. At the apical surface of salivary acini, the remaining vesicles accumulate as secretory vesicles. These vesicles become surrounded by myofibrils, which move the secretory vesicles to the cell membrane where they fuse and expel the saliva secretion into a small duct. The odor or taste of food provides a neuronal stimulus to the gland s myofibrils, and this stimulates salivary secretion. 

A gastropulmonary reflex Irritation of the upper gastrointestinal tract produces emesis afferent impulses go to the emetic centre in visceral sensible nerves in the gastric mucosa. Emesis starts with saliva secretion and indisposition. The dose of the reflex expectorants is so chosen so that the first stage is reached secretion of less viscous fluid in the bronchial cells. 

The antimuscarinic effects mainly include an elevation of heart-rate. Besides, a diminution in the production of bronchial, lachrymal, gastric, nasal, intestinal, sweat and saliva secretions are observed together with a reduction in intestinal motility. 

Table 15. Effective Dose (mg/kg, i.p) for the Potentiation of Pilocarpine-induced Saliva Secretion and Anti-hypergiycemic Effects by the Hot Aqueous Extract and Component Compounds Derived from Rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Byakko-Ka-Ninjin-to (BN) is Streptozotocin-Diabetic Mice...

Samples Saliva Secretion Anti-hyperglycemic effects... 

Surface epithelial damage to the gastrointestinal tract may result in ulcers, stomatitis, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), vulnerability to oral infections such as candidiasis, and changes in saliva secretion. In addition, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation occur commonly. 

Saliva secreted into the mouth flows slowly as a thin film, over the tooth surfaces and mucosa and is cleared from the mouth by swallowing (Fig. 2). However, saliva does not flow equally throughout the mouth, and there are differences in the different areas. Measurement of the volume of saUva and velocity of the salivary film at different locations in the mouth are important for imderstanding the site-specificity of dental caries and periodontal disease. 

Salivary clearance rates in different parts of the mouth are known to vary. The clearance half-times on the buccal surfaces of the upper anterior teeth were the longest of any site in the mouth. These show that the saliva secreted into the oral cavity is not perfectly mixed. Weatherell et al (1986) reports the difference by the fluoride distribution in the mouth after fluoride rinsing. Duckworth and Morgan (1991) and Heath et al. (2001) have also reported oral fluoride retention after use of fluoride rinse. These researches demonstrate the mechanism of the salivary clearance reported by Dawes (1983). According to Lear et al (1965), the salivary flow rate in the sleep is almost similar to the zero, but there are few reports the clearance of the fluoride in the sleep. 

Although a great deal of information is available about the overall flow rate of whole saliva in man, there is no quantitative information on the velocity of flow of the salivary film in different regions of the mouth. Once secreted into the oral cavity, saliva forms a thin film, approximately 0.1 mm thick, which moves around inside the mouth until it is eventually swallowed. The higher the saliva secretion rate, the more frequently swallowing occurs, and the cleaner the mouth will be remain. However, this salivary film does not distribute evenly or reach all parts of the mouth. 

Saliva is a hypotonic, slightly acid, watery excretion of the salivary gland. Man excretes 1 ml of saliva per minute, about 1,000-1,500 ml daily. The submaxillary gland is responsible for 10% of salivary secretion, the parotid only for 25%, and the sublingual for approximately 5%. Saliva secretion is blocked by metabolic inhibitors that interfere with the bioenergetic pathways, and is therefore believed to be an active process. 

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