Chemicals coconut

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Cocoa butter substitutes and equivalents differ greatly with respect to their method of manufacture, source of fats, and functionaHty they are produced by several physical and chemical processes (17,18). Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric acid fats such as coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils by fractionation and hydrogenation from domestic fats such as soy, com, and cotton seed oils by selective hydrogenation or from palm kernel stearines by fractionation. Cocoa butter equivalents can be produced from palm kernel oil and other specialty fats such as shea and ilHpe by fractional crystallization from glycerol and selected fatty acids by direct chemical synthesis or from edible beef tallow by acetone crystallization. 

Table 3 gives HLB values of some of the important emulsifiers. The HLB optimum for a given emulsifier varies with the components of the food system. A coconut oil—water emulsion that shows optimum stabiUty with an HLB of 7—9 shows a shift ia requirements for stabiUty upon addition of caseia and electrolytes to an optimum stabiUty usiag an emulsifier having an HLB of 3—5. In addition, the stabiUty of an emulsion can be affected by the chemical nature of the emulsifier. The optimum HLB for an emulsifier ia a given system is iafluenced by the other iagredients as is illustrated for a model synthetic milk system ia Figures 1 and 2. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Coconut butter Coconut oil Copra oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

Figure 10.9 Cliromatogi ams of foitified coconut oil obtained by using (a) normal-phase HPLC and (b) GPC/noimal-phase HPLC. Peak identification is as follows 1 (a,b), DL-a-toco-pheryl acetate, 2 (b), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2 (a) and 3 (b), retinyl acetate 3 (a) and 4 (b), tocol 4 (a) and 5 (b), ergocalciferol. Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, 60, J. M. Brown-Thomas et al., Determination of fat-soluble vitamins in oil matrices by multidimensional liigh-peiformance liquid cliromatography , pp. 1929-1933, copyright 1988, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Ml Thickener It is a coarse, granular material ranging in color from light tan to brown. Chemically, it is a coprecipitated A1 soap of naphthenic, oleic and palmitic acids in the approx ratio of 1 1 2. The three main disadvantages accruing from the properties of Ml thickener are (1) it is a critical wartime material since it is made from coconuts (2) it is extremely hygroscopic, and the presence of water decreases its ability to form a stable thickened fuel. In addition, the relatively large... 

PEGs are often reacted with fatty acids to make detergents that have thickening and foam-stabilizing properties. When chemically combined with fatty acids from coconut oil, they make detergents such as PEG-5 cocamide, which is used in shampoos as a surfactant, emulsifier, and foam stabilizer. 

Alcohols used in the manufacture of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are obtained either by chemical treatment of fats and oils or by petrochemical processes from natural gas or crude oil. In either case the hydrocarbon chain ranging from 8 to 18 carbon atoms corresponding to the composition of coconut oil is the most desirable. 

Besides the alkyl ether carboxylates the amidether carboxylates are used as mild surfactants in cosmetic formulations [35-37,68,69,71,80]. As described by Meijer [68,69], the ether carboxylate mixture derived from the monoethanol-amide of coconut oil is a mild product in shampoos and showerbaths, and the stearylmonoethanolamidether carboxylate an oil-in-water emulsifier for creams and lotions. The NDELA content of these products is below the detection level of 10 ppb because of the use of monoethanolamine and the further chemical reactions after amidation. 

Yusof N, Ahmad Ramli RA and Ali F. 2007. Chemical, sensory and microbiological changes of gamma irradiated coconut cream powder. Radiat Phys Chem 76(11—12) 1882—1884. 

Apart from butter or butter oil most fats that are used in biscuits are defined in terms of their physical and chemical properties. Fat suppliers are skilled at producing products with controlled physical and chemical properties from a range of raw materials. The baker can either buy fat on a physical and chemical specification, e.g. solid fat index, slip melting point, and not to contain lauric fat, or on an origin basis, e.g. to be coconut oil. The advantage of the botanical specification is that the item is a commodity and can be obtained from numerous sources. The disadvantage of this approach is that the product is tailored for a particular use. 

See also Activated charcoal Activated coke Carbon entries adsorption isotherm for hydrocarbons on coconut-shell, 2 635t chemical properties of, 4 741-743 economic aspects, 4 748 environmental concerns, 4 750 forms of, 4 747... 

Animal fats and oilseeds (soybean, cottonseed, coconut, palm) are important feedstocks for plasticizers and cosmetics. Destructive distillation of biomass yields methanol ( wood alcohol ), acetic acid, tar and charcoal, and was the backbone of the chemical industry in former centuries. 

In some of the earliest recorded examples of adsorption, activated carbon was used as the adsorbent. Naturally occurring carbonaceous materials such as coal, wood, coconut shells or bones are decomposed in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of about 800 K. Because the product will not be porous, it needs additional treatment or activation to generate a system of fine pores. The carbon may be produced in the activated state by treating the raw material with chemicals, such as zinc chloride or phosphoric acid, before carbonising. Alternatively, the carbon from the carbonising stage may be selectively... 

The vendor states that activated carbon systems can be used on liquid, vapor, and solid waste streams contaminated with organic materials. Calgon Chemical Corporation has patented activated carbon technology. The vendor states that they produce more than 40 specialized types and sizes of bituminous coal- and coconut-based activated carbons for over 700 applications. Calgon claims the following advantages for its activated carbon systems ... 

Scheme 23.18 a De novo biosynthesis of coconut-like 6-pentyl-a-pyrone by Trichoderma sp. b Production of macrocyclic musk-like lactones by a combination of microbial co-hydroxylations and co-l-hydroxylations and subsequent chemical conversion steps, c Production of macrocyclic musk fragrances initiated by terminal oxidation of hydrocarbons with Candida tropicalis... 

Lignin was chemically modified prior to resinification, and the effect of phenolation was examined on the gluability of the resol resin adhesives (23). The phenolation was performed either with HC1 (80°C, 60 min) or without catalyst (200°C, 60 min). Prior to adhesive testing with three-ply plywood, 5 parts of coconut husk powder were mixed with 100 parts of the resin. 

RAW MATERIALS Ampholyt JB130 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION Coconut fatty acid amidopropyl betaine SOURCE Hul S... 

RAW MATERIALS Mackadet 40K CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION Potassi um coconut soap SOURCE McIntyre... 

Specific chemical interaction between the chloride ion and metal ions present at the pore surfaces has also been considered as a possible factor contributing to retardation of HC1 diffusion. To evaluate this possibility, one portion of the coconut carbon was washed with acetic acid to reduce its ash content from 0.7% to 0.6%, and another portion with hydrochloric acid to reduce its ash content from 0.7% to 0.3%. The finite bath technique was used to study these two carbons in otherwise identical systems consisting of 10 -M NaCl, 1.5 grams carbon per liter, an initial pH of 3.50 (HC1), at a temperature of 25 °C. The corresponding isotherms show no significant difference between these carbons and the... 

In terms of chemical resistance, polystyrene has a high resistance to water, acids, bases, alcohols, and detergents. Chlorinated solvents will mar the surface and, in the presence of an external load or high internal stresses, will cause failure. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, in general, will dissolve polystyrene. Such foodstuffs as butter and coconut oil should be avoided. The chemical resistance depends upon chemical concentration, time, and stress. 

In tile application of surfactants, physical and use properties, precisely specified, are of primary concern. Chemical homogeneity is of little significance in practice. In fact, surfactants are generally polydisperse mixtures, such as the natural fats as precursors of fatty acid-derived surfactant structures e.g., coconut oil contains glycerol esters of Cc-Qa fatly acids. Nonionic surfactants of die alcohol edioxylate type are polydisperse not only with respect to the hydrophobe but also in the number of edivlene oxide units attached. 

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