Chemical synthesis surfactants

SAMs are ordered molecular assembHes formed by the adsorption (qv) of an active surfactant on a soHd surface (Fig. 6). This simple process makes SAMs inherently manufacturable and thus technologically attractive for building supedattices and for surface engineering. The order in these two-dimensional systems is produced by a spontaneous chemical synthesis at the interface, as the system approaches equiHbrium. Although the area is not limited to long-chain molecules (112), SAMs of functionalized long-chain hydrocarbons are most frequently used as building blocks of supermolecular stmctures. 

Fig. 2.6.10. APCI-FIA-MS-MS(+) (CID) daughter ion mass spectrum of selected [M + NH4]+ parent ion (mjz 340) of potential carboxylated non-ionic surfactant metabolite of precursor NPEO prepared by chemical synthesis structure of short-chain NPEC CgHi9-C6H4-0-(CH2-CH2-0)-CH2-C00H fragmentation behaviour under CID presented in the inset [28],... 

Another large class of chemicals produced starting from ethanol are ethyl-amines. When heated to 150-220 °C over a silica- or alumina-supported nickel catalyst, ethanol and ammonia react to produce ethylamine. Further reaction leads to diethylamine and triethylamine. The ethylamines find use in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and surfactants. 

Surfactants are used widely in industry, agriculture and medicine. The materials currently in use are produced primarily by chemical synthesis, or as by-products of industrial processes. For a microbial surfactant to penetrate the market, it must provide a clear advantage over the existing competing materials. The major considerations are (1) safety, i.e., low toxicity and biodegradability (2) cost (3) selectivity and (4) specific surface modifications. Biosurfactants exhibit low toxicity and good biodegradability, properties that are essential if the surfactant is to be released into the environment. 

Sulfonic acids and sulfonate salts contain the -S03H and -SO) groups, respectively, attached to a hydrocarbon moiety. The structural formulas of benzene sulfonic acids and of sodium 1 -(p-sulfophenyl)decane, a biodegradable detergent surfactant, are shown in Figure 1.19. The common sulfonic acids are water-soluble strong acids that lose virtually all ionizable H+ in aqueous solution. They are used commercially to hydrolyze fat and oil esters to produce fatty acids and glycerol used in chemical synthesis. 

Solution phase chemical synthesis is a convenient way for making surfactant coated magnetic nanoparticles, as described in various reviews [12-18]. Monodisperse Co nanoparticles with standard deviation less than 10% are synthesized by decomposition of Co2(CO)8 [19-22] or Co(rj3-C8Hi3X n4-C8Hi2) [23] and reduction of cobalt salt [24,25] in the presence of oleic acid and trialkylphosphine, or trialkylphosphine oxide, or alkylamine. Monodisperse iron nanoparticles are normally prepared from decomposition of Fe(CO)5 [26-28]. However, metallic iron-based particles from this decomposition procedure are difficult to characterize due to the chemical instability. A recent synthesis using decomposition of Fe[NSiMe3)2]2 offers a promising approach to monodisperse Fe nanocrystals [29]. 

Amino acids are monomeric units of polypeptides and proteins. They are widely used in the food and chemical industries as flavor enhancers, seasonings and sweeteners e.g. for the improvement of bread quality, also in the production of drugs, cosmetics, synthetic leather and surfactants, in medicine for infusions and as therapeutic agents. Amino acids are produced by chemical synthesis or extraction from protein hydrolyzate. They may be also produced by microbiological methods. 

Design and synthesis of polycyclic molecules with unusual shape, symmetry, and chemically distinct surfaces resulted in a novel class of heterobowls such as 10 (see Section 14.09.2). Although no utilitarian applications of these compounds have been reported yet, this is perhaps because of their recent discovery, the heterobowls might display many interesting properties, such as selective activity for metal ions, face-selective chemical reactivity, surfactant chemistry, and enzyme mimicry <1997TL4173, 2001JOC6905>. 

Sulfonic acids and their derivatives are used in innumerable industrial applications in chemical synthesis, electroplating of metals, surfactants, ion-exchange resins, and preparation of dyes, animal feeds, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. 

Succinic acid, known as amber acid or butanedioic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid produced as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) [1,2]. Succinic acid and its derivative have wide industrial applications such as the feedstock of food and pharmaceutical products, as the intermediate of chemical synthesis of surfactants, detergents, green solvents, and biodegradable plastics, and also as ingredients of animal feeds to stimulate animal and... 

Surfactants are crucial in the colloidal chemical synthesis of nanocrystals. Popularly used surfactants include tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP), tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO 6, 14), hexadecylamine (17), fatty acids, and phosphonic acids (18-20). In general, the polar head groups of the surfactants bind to the surface of the nanocrystals, as illustrated in Figure 6.10 (21). The surfactants play crucial roles in the nanocrystal synthesis (14-16). First, the surfactant capping prevents the agglomeration of the nanocrystals, endowing them with a good colloidal stability. Nanocrystals have a... 

What are the roles of the surfactants in the colloidal chemical synthesis of... 

X. Zhang and S. K. Manohar, Polyaniline nanofibers chemical synthesis using surfactants, Chem. Commun., 2360-2361 (2004). 

Naturally occurring oil phases, either hydrocarbons or glyceride esters, contain scores of chemical species. Commercial. surfactants are rarely pure substances. Either for economic limitations or for chemical synthesis reasons, they are often mixtures. In certain cases a surfactant mixture is purposely made to attain some intermediate property or to produce some synergetic effect. 

Uses Surfactant emulsifier flotation agent corrosion inhibitor chemical intermediate anticaking agent pigment dispersant cosmetics lubricant and mold release agent for hard mbber textile chems. chemical synthesis antistat antifog water treatment Trade Names Nissan Amine ABT... 

Uses Paint driers fungicides metal catalysts corrosion inhibitors lubricants fracturing fluids cellulose preservatives solvent detergents rubber reclaiming agent emulsifier for metalworking fluids chemical and surfactant intermediate intermediate for synthesis of metal naphthenates and succinic acid... 

Arias KS, Al-Resayes SI, Climent MJ, Corma A, Iborra S (2013) From biomass to chemicals synthesis of precursors of biodegradable surfactants from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. ChemSusChem 6 123-131... 

Storage Moisture-sensitive refrigerate Uses Chemical synthesis mfg. of s-triazine herbicides, rubber chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, explosives, optical brighteners, and surfactants starch crosslinking agent... 

Surfactants are a group of organic compounds achieved by chemical synthesis and characterized for specific behavior in solution that makes them especially suitable for many human activities. Surfactant is an abbreviation for a surface-active agent that refers to its ability to reduce the interfacial tension between two phases (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and liquid-gaseous). This behavior is caused by the molecular composition in the surfactant, which has a hydrophobic part, composed of alkyl chains, and another part that is an ionic or hydrophilic group. 

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