Protective pharmaceuticals

In Europe, regulatory exclusivity is more complex. More specifically, the countries may choose between a 10 year or 6 year period. According to European Community Directive 87/21, the national states can protect pharmaceutical products for 6 or 10 years from first marketing approval in the European Community. An exception to this is biotech products for which a 10 year period applies for all European countries. The countries that have chosen 10 or 6 years are presented in Table 3. 

Various methods for protecting pharmaceuticals from the effect of moisture have been considered, with the use of moisture-proof packaging563-564 and film coatings565 being the techniques most often utilized. Further discussion of moisture permeability of packaging will be presented in Chapter 4. 

Adequate security measures are essential to protect pharmaceutical installations against unauthorised entry or deliberate adulteration of products. 

PEG-2 stearate PEG-2 stearate SE coatings, protective hygroscopic powders Glyceryl stearate coatings, protective metals Tall oil hydroxyethyl imidazoline coatings, protective mineral tablets Castor (Ricinus communis) oil coatings, protective pharmaceutical vitamin/mineral preps. 

Protein-based plastics have been used, alone or in mixtures, to obtain edible films and eoatings. They have been used to protect pharmaceuticals and to improve the shelf life of food products. Some commercialization of protein films has been realized in collagen sansage casing, gelatin pharmaceutical capsules and corn zein protective coatings for nutmeats and candies [71]. 

Thionyl chloride is used for the production of acid chlorides from carboxylic acids, of alkyl chlorides from alcohols, for ester production and for chloro-methylation. Areas of use are crop protection, pharmaceuticals, dyes, paper and textile auxiliaries, and plastics. Production 1992 ca. 45 000 t. 

Applications. Table 12 Hsts crop-protection chemicals and pharmaceuticals containing the aryl fluoroaLkyl ether group. 

The market for antiulcer agents (Fig. 1) is large and is comprised of both prescription and over the counter (OTC) products. The estimated prescription market is over 3 biUion aimuaHy in the United States, whereas the more difficult to estimate OTC market is in the range of 500 million aimuaHy. Several pharmaceutical companies are attempting to obtain approval for OTC use of prescription-only agents, and patent protection for several of the histamine antagonists mns out in the mid-1990s. 

Uses of gelatin are based on its combination of properties reversible gel-to-sol transition of aqueous solution viscosity of warm aqueous solutions abUity to act as a protective coUoid water permeabUity and insolubUity in cold water, but complete solubUity in hot water. It is also nutritious. These properties are utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and photographic industries. In addition, gelatin forms strong, uniform, clear, moderately flexible coatings which readily sweU and absorb water and are ideal for the manufacture of photographic films and pharmaceutical capsules. 

Methyl acetoacetate (MAA) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are the most widely used esters they are found ia the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and allied industries. Both esters are used extensively as amine protecting agents ia the manufacture of antibiotics and synthetic sweeteners (Dane Salts) (147). Principal outiets for MAA are the manufacture of the organophosphoms insecticide dia2inon [33341-5] (148,149) and the uracil herbicides bromacil [31440-9] and terbacil [5902-51-2] (150,151) (see Insect conztiol technology Herbicides). 

J. Rosenstock, Eaw of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Invention Patent and Monpatent Protection, Littie, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass., 1993. 

Crop Protection Chemicals Reference (CPCR), 6th ed.. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Press, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1990. Includes brand names and product labels. 

White pigmented shellac is used as a primer—sealer for iaterior appHcations. Shellac is used as a protective coating for pharmaceuticals to maintain the potency of medication. Several coats of shellac gla2e protect medication from the effects of stomach acids so that the medication is not released before the tablet reaches the intestines. 

Pharmaceutical Applications. Sucrose has a long history in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It imparts body to symps and medicinal hquids and masks unpleasant tastes. Sucrose also functions as a diluent to control dmg concentrations in medicines, as an ingredient binder for tablets, and to impart chewiness to the latter. Sustained-release medications and protective tablet glazes are prepared using sucrose (41). Sucrose-based sugar pastes are used to promote wound healing (58). 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

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