Chamber indoor

Colombo, A. and Bortoli, M. (1992) Comparison of models used to estimate parameters of organic emissions from materials tested in small environmental chambers. Indoor Air, 2, 49-57. 

Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T. (2006) Influence of molecular parameters on the sink effect in test chambers. Indoor Air, 16, 158-65. 

European Commission (1991) Guideline for the characterization of volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials and products using small test chambers. Indoor air quality and its impact on man. Report no. 8. European Commission, Luxembourg... 

EC-European Commission (1989) Formaldehyde Emission from Wood Based Materials Guideline for the Determination of Steady State Concentrations in Test Chambers. Indoor Air Quality and its Impact on Man. Report No. 2, Luxembourg. 

Colombo A., De Bortoli M, Kndppel H., Pecchio E. and Vissers H. (1993) Adsorption of selected volatile organic compounds on a carpet, a wall coating, and gypsum board in a test chamber. Indoor Air, 3,216-282. 

Afshari A, Matson U, Ekberg L (2005) Characterization of indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles a study conducted in a full-scale chamber. Indoor Air 15 141-150 Buonanno G, Morawska L, Stabile L (2009) Particle emission factors during cooking activities. Atmos Environ 43 3235-3242... 

M. van Bommel, B. van Elst, F. Broekens, Emission of organic acids from wooden construction materials in a small test chamber preliminary results of optimisation of the solid phase micro extraction technique, 4th Meeting of the Indoor Air Pollution Working Group, Copenhagen, 2001. 

Uhde E, Bednarek M, Fuhrmaim F, Salthammer T (2001) Phthalic esters in the indoor environment-test chamber studies on PVC-coated wallcoverings. Indoor Air 11 150-155... 

Interestingly, heterogeneous processes appear to be involved in HONO formation, certainly in smog chambers and indoor air environments and most likely on a variety of surfaces outdoors. It is produced from gaseous N02 and adsorbed water in a heterogeneous reaction on surfaces (see Chapter 7) ... 

Sollinger, S., K. Levsen, and G. Wiinsch, Indoor Pollution by Organic Emissions from Textile Floor Coverings Climate Test Chamber Studies under Static Conditions, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2369-2378 (1994). 

A general discussion of the nature and importance of these chamber characteristics, including wall effects, follows. For detailed descriptions of various types of smog chamber facilities and their operation, one should consult the original literature, including, for example, indoor studies utilizing borosilicate glass cylinders (Joshi et al., 1982 Behnke et al., 1988), chambers made from Teflon (FEP) film with volumes up to... 

For volume production of an aerosol fog of small particle size, on a large scale (suited to indoor use), the thermal aerosol fog generators appear to be very efficient. The Science Service experiments were mostly with this type. Two principal varieties have been developed. One discharges the insecticide solution or suspension as a relatively coarse spray into a jet of superheated steam delivered by a flash boiler of the tubular coil t3rpe. The other discharges that insecticide solution or suspension as a relatively coarse spray into a blast of hot gas emerging from a combustion chamber. The temperature is regulated by the controlled admixture of cold air. 

ISO (2004) 16000-6. Indoor Air-Part 6 Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by Active Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FID, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 

Testing Emission of SVOCs from Indoor Materials in Chambers... 

Thermal desorption (TD) (see Section 2.6.1) compared with solvent desorption of adsorbent tubes requires less preparation since the samples are transferred on-line from the desorber to the GC. TD of indoor SVOC samples from Tenax TA tubes and quartz fiber filters is possible (Clausen and Wolkoff, 1997b) and air samples of phthalates from chamber studies are easily analyzed using TD (Clausen et al., 2004). TD recovery may be estimated by comparing spiked tubes with direct solvent injection using the same GC (Clausen and Wolkoff, 1997b). 

ASTM (1997) D5116-97. Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA,USA. 

Evaluation of VOC and SVOC emission potential of individual products and materials under indoor-related conditions and over defined timescales requires the use of climate-controlled emission testing systems, so-called emission test chambers and cells, the size of which can vary between a few cm3 and several m3, depending on the application. In Figure 5.1 the dots ( ) represent volumes of test devices reported in the literature. From this size distribution they can be classified as large scale chambers, small scale chambers, micro scale chambers and cells. The selection of the systems, the sampling preparation and the test performance all depend on the task to be performed. According to ISO, chambers and cells are defined as follows ... 

Standardized Emission Testing This is probably the most frequent application of test chambers and cells, because indoor related materials and products need to be evaluated for the release of volatile chemicals in order to ensure a healthy indoor climate. Many procedures have been established for different types of products. A very well-known scheme was developed by the German Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products (AgBB) for the evaluation of building... 

Fogging This test is a special case of test chamber examination-SVOCs such as plasticizers and flame retardants are precipitated inside the chamber on a cooled surface. The method had initially been developed for examining automotive parts in order to determine the portion of fogging-active substances. It can also be used for examining other products used indoors. The fogging value (in Xg), usually determined over a 14-day period, is a characteristic for the SVOC quantity which can be expected to condense on cold indoor surfaces. The fogging method is based on a convention. If results are to be compared, the studies must be carried out in an identical manner (Uhde et al., 2001 Wensing, Uhde and Salthammer, 2005). 

Indoor Chemistry Various terpenes and terpenoids are emitted from household products and building materials. Ozone that has entered from outdoors or has been generated indoors can react with these compounds, either in the gas phase or on the surface of materials. The resulting oxidation products will contribute to the production and growth of meaningful quantities of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The formation and growth of SOA can be studied under controlled conditions in test chambers (see also Chapter 13). 

For many years test chambers and cells belong to the most important tools for the simulation of indoor related conditions and for the evaluation of emission rates. It can be assumed that their application will become even more important in the near future. Moreover, powerful kinetic models are now available that help to understand emission characteristics of sources. The current trend to develop devices en miniature brings us to the borderline between emission and content analysis. It will be interesting to see new chamber designs and intelligent applications for indoor related studies. 

De Bortoli, M., Knoppel, H., Colombo, A. and Kephalopoulos, S. (1996) Attempting to characterize the sink effect in a small stainless steel test chamber, in Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects (ed. B.A. Tichenor), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA USA, pp. 305-18. 

Destaillats, H., Lunden, M.M., Singer, B.C., Coleman, B.K., Hodgson, A.T., Weschler, C.). and Nazaroff, W.W. (2006) Indoor secondary pollutants from household product emissions in the presence of ozone a bench-scale chamber study. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4421-8. 

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