Potential emission

Potential emission is due to an Auger process in which the ion just above the surface is neutralized by a valence electron from the sample the energy gain is taken up by a second electron which is emitted from the sample surface. We discuss this process in more detail in connection with neutralization in LEIS. 

Whereas a theoretical framework for understanding potential emission of secondary electrons is well established, a similar quantitative framework for kinetic ejection must await future theoretical development. Nevertheless, kinetic ejection... 

No information was found in the available literature on estimates of human intake of HDI Irom the various environmental media. Because the potential for significant widespread environmental contamination is expected to be very low, such estimates would appear to be needed primarily for populations living or working near potential emission sources of HDI. 

However, the conclusions for aquatic ecosystem health confirmed the earlier concerns that large industrial emissions exist, such as those that occur when EDTA passes through municipal water treatment plants without being degraded. It was concluded that there is a need for specific measures to limit the risks. Concern was expressed particularly about potential emissions from detergent industries, paper mills, circuit board producers, and during recovery of EDTA-containing wastes. 

Additional ammonia emissions can come from covered yards. Covered yards are additional emitting areas for ammonia emissions. Furthermore, increased pen or outside yard areas will increase emissions. Again, instead of reverting to conventional housing systems, the solution could be to decrease potential emissions within the given system (e.g. via cold temperatures, increasing the frequency of cleaning). 

The need to design inherently safer plants has been expanded to encompass designing evironmentally acceptable plants. Environmentally acceptable plants generate minimum quantities of potentially hazardous wastes either as potential emissions to the environment or as materials requiring disposal. Wastes are recycled and reused where possible. If this is not possible, they may be treated to reduce or eliminate the hazard or destroyed through incineration. Disposal in a secure landfill is the final option. 

The results of the quantitative measurements are given as concentrations of substances, expressed in mass per unit volume (e.g., gg/m3, standardized for gas under the following conditions temperature 20°C, pressure 1013 hPa, dry). As a rule these measured values relate only to the time span of the sampling and the condition of the car s interior at that time. If the potential emission of a substance i is to be determined, the emission rate ER must be calculated on the basis of the measured concentration ... 

Several operations for the production of iron and steel, including sinter production, coke production, and electric arc furnaces, have been identified as potential emission sources of PCDD/Fs. China is the largest producer of steel in the world. According to 2005 statistical data, the iron and steel production of China was 349 million tons. It is reasonable to assume that the iron and steel industry could be a major source of PCDD/ F emission to air in China, but data are not available for an assessment of the emissions from this source. 

On a vector basis (Fig. 7.2b), the major route of release was residues , responsible for 82.4% of the total, followed by air (12.9%) and water (4.2%). The land and products together contributed to only 0.5% of the total annual release. It was observed that for the land and products vectors, a blank release value was assigned to many classes of potential emission sources due to a general lack of data on EFs. 

Nestrick TJ, Lamparski LL. 1983. Assessment of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin formation and potential emission to the environment from wood combustion. Chemosphere 12 617-626. 

The total C02 emissions saved by the introduction of H-APS into these market segments were then estimated to be annually around 1 million tons C02. The potential emissions savings for C02, CO, NOx and particles are summarised in Table 7.3. 

For each potential exposure source, various exposure scenarios and populations are examined. For the HRA for TOCDF, for instance, these included subsistence ranchers, residents, workers, and people engaged in various nearby recreational activities. Potential emissions release into, and transport through, the environment are modeled considering all applicable media, e.g., air, water, and solids, to provide exposure estimates.17... 

Hi) Emissions Reduction Banking. As previously discussed, there is no credit for emissions removed from blowdown stacks against future potential emissions that may occur from facility modifications. 

Co-combustion of biomass with natural gas or gas from biomass gasification offers potential efficiency improvements relative to separate combustion of biomass, as well as potential emission reductions throi h rebuming. 

After the Seveso disaster, investigation of the potential emission sources in the area and studies of people not exposed to the cloud indicated that combustion of wood residues from furniture factories might be an additional and perhaps substantial local source of dioxins, furans, and PCBs. 

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