Pest control, cereal

Niemeyer, H. M., and Perez, F. J. 1995. Potential of hydroxamic acids in the control of cereal pests, diseases, and weeds. In Inderjit, Dakshini, K. M. M., and Einhellig, F. A. (Eds.). Allelopathy Organisms, Processes, and Applications. ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 582. American Chemical Society, 260-270... 

The recognition of other cereal pests and diseases and their control are shown in Tables 6.2 and 7.1. 

Organic wastes have less P than N cereal straws have just between 0.05 and 0.1% N, and cattle and pig manures (in dry solids) 0.3-2.04% N poultry manures are the richest source of organic P, containing 0.5-4.7% P see Parr, J. F., and D. Colacicco. 1987. Organic materials as alternative nutrient sources. In Z. Helsel, ed.. Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control. Amsterdam Elsevier, pp. 87-88. 

Plants can also be pests that need to be controlled, particulady noxious weeds infesting food crops. Prior to 1900, inorganic compounds such as sulfuric acid, copper nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium salts were used to selectively control mustards and other broadleaved weeds in cereal grains. By the early 1900s, Kainite and calcium cyanamid were also used in monocotyledenous crops, as well as iron sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium arsenate. Prom 1915 to 1925, acid arsenical sprays, carbon bisulfate, sodium chlorate, and others were introduced for weed control use. Total or nonselective herbicides kill all vegetation, whereas selective compounds control weeds without adversely affecting the growth of the crop (see Herbicides). 

Evans V J and Jenkyn J F (2000), Fungicides for control of ergot in cereal crops , Pest and Diseases, Proceedings of an international conference held at the Brighton Hilton Metropole Hotel, UK, 13-16 November 2000, 511-514. 

Cox, P.D. and Wilkin, D.R. 1996. The potential use of biological control of pests in stored grain. In Research Review 36 , pp. 1-53. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London. 

Carbamates and substituted ureas are a numerous group of pesticides widely used to control weeds, pests, and diseases in fruit trees, vegetables, and cereals. Carbamate residues in foods are commonly extracted with water-miscible solvents and determined by using a liquid chromatograph equipped with a sensitive detector, frequently a UV detector. In addition, to obtain adequate detection selectivity, the postcolumn fluorimetric labeling technique is used for methyl carbamates. Substituted ureas are normally extracted from foods with organic solvents, and they can be determined directly by HPLC-UV or after postcolumn derivatization by fluorescence determination of their derivatives. 

Uses herbicides/insecticides pre- or post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, lucerne, clover, trefoil, grass leys, potatoes, peas, onions, garlics, peas, leeks, soya beans, orchards, groundnuts, strawberries, vineyards and other crops for control of strawberry runners and raspberry suckers and overwintering forms of insect pests on fruit trees also used as a desiccant for leguminous seed crops destruction of potato haulms as a pre-harvest hop defoliant, etc. 

Chemical Name cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate (RS)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(lR5,3R5 lR5,35R)-3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate Uses nonsystemic insecticide with contact and stomach action to control a wide range of insects in fruits, vegetables, vines, potatoes, cucurbits, capsicums, cereals, maize, soybeans, cotton, coffee, coca, rice, pecans, ornamentals and forestry, etc. also used to control flies in animal houses and mosquitoes, cockroaches, houseflies and other pests in public health. 

Uses Pure fenthion is a colorless liquid. Technical fenthion is a yellow or brown oily liquid with a weak garlic odor. It is grouped by the USEPA under RUP and requires handling by qualified, certified, and trained workers. Fenthion is used for the control of sucking and biting pests (e.g., fruitflies, stem borers, mosquitoes, cereal bugs). In mosquitoes, it is toxic to both the adult and the immature forms (larvae). The formulations of fenthion include dust, emulsifiable concentrate, granular, liquid concentrate, spray concentrate, ultra-low volume, and wettable powder.28... 

Uses Pirimicarb is a colorless solid material. It is a selective systemic insecticide with contact effects on stomach (poison) and respiratory system (lungs). It is extensively used for the control of pests that infect a variety of crops (e.g., ornamentals, oilseeds, vegetables, cereals, greenhouse crops). Formulations include... 

Cyfluthrin is a broad-spectrum nonsystemic insecticide used to control cockroaches, ants, termites, mosquitoes, flies, tobacco budworms, and common chewing and sucking insects of cotton, cereal, potatoes, and peanuts. It is also used effectively in the control of public health pests. 

Triadimefon is a fungicide used to control powdery mildews, rust and other fungal pests on cereals, fruits, vegetables, turf, shrubs, and trees. 

Hexachlorocyclohexane has been used as an insecticide for the control of agricultural pests, for dressing of cereal seed and for the control of parasites on farm animals since the 1960s. Its use has been banned in many countries but it still remains in extensive use in others. Hexachlorocyclohexane mainly exists in the form of three different isomers, a-(3- and y-hexachlorocyclohexane, appearing in a cmde mixture after manufacture. Only one of these isomers, the y form, expresses insecticidal activity, and the refined product containing about 99% y-hexachlorocyclohexane (y-HCH) is named lindane. 

Uses Soil insecticide used to control rootworms, wireworms, crickets and similar crop pests in vegetables, sorghum, ornamentals, cereals, maize, vines, olives, sugar beet, sugarcane, potatoes, groundnuts, tobacco, turf and fruit crops. 

Remarkable selectivity of action has now been achieved in some cases, such as the herbicides controlling the pest wild oats in cereal crops, and insecticides like Menazon attacking aphids but not bees and ladybirds. The increasing attention to selectiveness in activity also promises to reduce problems of resistance and cross-resistance which have been encountered with broad-spectrum pesticides like DDT and the organophosphates. 

In the works of A. Konarev (Konarev et al. 1999 Konarev et al., 2004) shows in detail the variability of inhibitors of trypsin-like proteinases in cereals due to resistance to various grain pests. So in wheat trypsin inhibitors are represented by several genetically independent systems of proteins controlled by the genome and B chromosomes ID (endosperm), 3Dp (aleurone layer), IDS and 3Ap (leaf). Trypsin inhibitors of rye are controlled chromosome 3R and barley 3H. The most complex structure of inhibitors was wheat leaves, with the genomic formula AABBDD. In general, it is the sum of the spectra of trypsin inhibitors from several tetraploid (T. turgidum) (AABB) and (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) (DD) (Konarev, 1986 Konarev et al., 2004). 

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