Agricultural pests

World Bank. 1993. "Agricultural Pest Management." Guidelines and Best Practice, GB 4.03. World Bank Operational Manual. April, Washington. 

Web site http //datcp. state.wi.us/core/agriculture/pest-fert... 

Table 5.2. Pesticide groups to which agricultural pests have become resistant [1]...

It is expected that taxonomically related species which have developed from a common ancestor also exhibit similarity at the pheromone level. An interesting typical representative can be observed in the family Tortricidae. This family includes a multitude of agricultural pest insects such as leaf-rollers and fruit-borers, whose sex pheromones have been exhaustively investigated [33]. Among the four subfamilies in Tortricidae, Tortricinae and Olethreutinae are the major two,... 

Fenvalerate-tolerant strains of arthropods include insect vectors of disease, flies and cockroaches, arthropods of veterinary importance, and agricultural pests (Sawicki 1985). But serious... 

Resistance to insecticides has drawn global attention since the Korean War in 1950 when the mass use of organic synthetic insecticides, such as DDT and BHC, against agricultural pests and sanitary pests became common. Organophosphorus compounds and carbamates were used thereafter, but invited problems of safety concerns and insect resistance. Synthetic pyrethroids were watched with keen interest as alternatives and have become used widely not only for sanitary pests but also agricultural pests. The development of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids is also not a rare phenomenon and has spread all over the world. 

Natural pyrethrins, insecticidal ingredients occurring in the flowers of Tanacetum cinerariaefolium (also known as Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium or Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium), have been modified for higher stability in the environment as well as better biological performance for more than 40 years, and consequently more than 30 synthetic pyrethroids have been marketed and used worldwide for controlling indoor and agricultural pest insects [1,2]. 

Resistance to antibiotics has a close parallel that has become equally familiar over the past fifty years. On repeated exposure, agricultural pests typically become tolerant of a pesticide that is used to control them. Farmers know that the amount of pesticide required to achieve control increases from year to year. Insect pests develop resistance through evolution in the same way that bacteria do. One or two serious pests are now essentially immune to all available pesticides, and many others are moving in that direction. 

Until twenty-five or thirty years ago, few laboratories around the world were seriously interested in these insect-eating nematodes and their bacteria, but agricultural and industrial scientists are now studying them enthusiastically. Mounting pressures to limit the use of synthetic chemical pesticides have had their effect, and the nematode-bacteria complex may offer a natural environmentally safe biopesticide. Both creatures are harmless to vertebrates, but the bacterial toxins are fatal to a wide spectrum of agricultural pests. An added advantage is that the nematodes actively seek out their hosts, something other pesticides cannot do. 

This Asian species is a major agricultural pest. The pheromone has been proposed to consist of three male-specific compounds, only one of which, (Z)-exo-a-bergamotenal 150, has been reported in the literature [114]. The racemic compound was synthesized starting from farnesoic acid chloride 146 (Scheme 25) [114]. Thus, the vinyl ketene prepared from acid chloride 146 underwent 2+2 cycloaddition to give bicyclic ketone 147. The ketone function was removed by reaction with hydrazine followed by treatment of the resulting hy-... 

DDT oRGCHEM Common name for an insecticide melting point 108.5 C, insoluble in water, very soluble in ethanol and acetone, colorless, and odorless especially useful against agricultural pests, flies, lice, and mosquitoes. Also known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. 

Turlings TCJ, Ton J (2006) Exploiting scents of distress the prospect of manipulating herbivore-induced plant odours to enhance the control of agricultural pests. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9 421-427... 

Cuts from the silica gel column were incorporated into artificial diets optimized for several economically-important agricultural pest insects, the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella> the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens> the corn earworm H. zea and the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. > Monitoring with this artificial diet bioassay, further column chromatography and preparative TLC on silica gel in diethylether-petrol yielded five... 

Scott IM, Jensen H, Scott JG, Isman MB, Arnason JT, Philogene BJR, Botanical insecticides for controlling agricultural pests Piperamides and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae), Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 54 212—225, 2003. 

The growth-inhibitory activity of azadirachtin fed in artificial diet to three species of agricultural pests, gossypiella, H. zea, and frugiperda, was compared to the activity of a number of limonoids isolated from plants in the Meliaceae and the Rutaceae (Table VI). After azadirachtin, the most active limonoid was cedrelone (Figure 13). Cedrelone was unique among the compounds tested in Table VI since it was the only limonoid, besides azadirachtin, to cause an inhibition in ecdysis (LC50 = 150 ppm) when fed to pink bollworm larvae (54). 

Among the insect orders, tissues from Lepidoptera have attracted the most attention because of their historical importance as agricultural pests [48]. Insect cell lines have been established from a variety of tissues, mostly from undifferentiated ovarian or embryonic [49]. The undifferentiated nature of the embryonic tissue has made possible the establishment of continuous insect celllines from diploid tissues [49]. 

Petroleum-Derived Products in Agriculture Pest Control... 

Products of the petroleum industry have been used in agriculture for the control of pests practically since the initial recovery of oil from the earth. The early uses were as dormant sprays for deciduous fruit trees and for weed control. The development and expansion of petroleum products and petroleum chemicals in agricultural pest control fields have closely paralleled the technological development of the petroleum industry. 

GARDNER—PETROLEUM-DERIVED PRODUaS IN AGRICULTURE PEST CONTROL... 

It seems likely that petroleum oils, both dormant and white oil summer types, will remain one of the most important petroleum products used in agricultural pest control for many years to come. These products have the advantage of comparatively low cost... 

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