Cereals pests

Niemeyer, H. M., and Perez, F. J. 1995. Potential of hydroxamic acids in the control of cereal pests, diseases, and weeds. In Inderjit, Dakshini, K. M. M., and Einhellig, F. A. (Eds.). Allelopathy Organisms, Processes, and Applications. ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 582. American Chemical Society, 260-270... 

The recognition of other cereal pests and diseases and their control are shown in Tables 6.2 and 7.1. 

Plants can also be pests that need to be controlled, particulady noxious weeds infesting food crops. Prior to 1900, inorganic compounds such as sulfuric acid, copper nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium salts were used to selectively control mustards and other broadleaved weeds in cereal grains. By the early 1900s, Kainite and calcium cyanamid were also used in monocotyledenous crops, as well as iron sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium arsenate. Prom 1915 to 1925, acid arsenical sprays, carbon bisulfate, sodium chlorate, and others were introduced for weed control use. Total or nonselective herbicides kill all vegetation, whereas selective compounds control weeds without adversely affecting the growth of the crop (see Herbicides). 

Maize does best on fertile loam soils in the south-east of England. It is susceptible to frost damage and so needs to be planted late in the year, about mid-May. Its popularity is mainly because it is very high yielding and will make excellent high energy silage. Maize can make a useful break between cereals because it is not susceptible to the same diseases and pests. 

Evans V J and Jenkyn J F (2000), Fungicides for control of ergot in cereal crops , Pest and Diseases, Proceedings of an international conference held at the Brighton Hilton Metropole Hotel, UK, 13-16 November 2000, 511-514. 

Collins, L.E. and Chambers, J. 2003. The I-SPy indicator An effective trap for the detection of insect pests in empty stores and on flat surfaces in the cereal and food trades. J. Stored Prod. Res. 39,... 

Cox, P.D. and Wilkin, D.R. 1996. The potential use of biological control of pests in stored grain. In Research Review 36 , pp. 1-53. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London. 

The chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say), is another serious pest of cereals, threatening grain sorghum production primarily in the tallgrass prairie regions of the Midwest. 

Case study 1 - pest and pathogen regulation in organic versus conventional cereal crops in Europe... 

Carbamates and substituted ureas are a numerous group of pesticides widely used to control weeds, pests, and diseases in fruit trees, vegetables, and cereals. Carbamate residues in foods are commonly extracted with water-miscible solvents and determined by using a liquid chromatograph equipped with a sensitive detector, frequently a UV detector. In addition, to obtain adequate detection selectivity, the postcolumn fluorimetric labeling technique is used for methyl carbamates. Substituted ureas are normally extracted from foods with organic solvents, and they can be determined directly by HPLC-UV or after postcolumn derivatization by fluorescence determination of their derivatives. 

Cover crops, which include legumes and cereals, are grown specifically to protect the soil from erosion, enhance soil fertility, and suppress pests, including weeds (Lai et al., 1991). Cover crops are often grown not for harvest, but for soil enrichment. In some cases, a rye cover crop is harvested as forage, which provides additional feed for livestock producers (Curran et al., 1994b). Many different cover crops are used, but the most extensively used is winter or annual rye (Johnson et al., 1993). 

Ridgway, C., Davies, R. and Chambers, J. (2001) Imaging for the high-speed detection of pest insects and other contaminants in cereal grain in transit, Presented at the 2001 ASAE International Meeting, Paper Number 013056, 30 July-1 August, Sacramento, CA. 

Uses herbicides/insecticides pre- or post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, lucerne, clover, trefoil, grass leys, potatoes, peas, onions, garlics, peas, leeks, soya beans, orchards, groundnuts, strawberries, vineyards and other crops for control of strawberry runners and raspberry suckers and overwintering forms of insect pests on fruit trees also used as a desiccant for leguminous seed crops destruction of potato haulms as a pre-harvest hop defoliant, etc. 

Chemical Name cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate (RS)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(lR5,3R5 lR5,35R)-3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate Uses nonsystemic insecticide with contact and stomach action to control a wide range of insects in fruits, vegetables, vines, potatoes, cucurbits, capsicums, cereals, maize, soybeans, cotton, coffee, coca, rice, pecans, ornamentals and forestry, etc. also used to control flies in animal houses and mosquitoes, cockroaches, houseflies and other pests in public health. 

Uses Pure fenthion is a colorless liquid. Technical fenthion is a yellow or brown oily liquid with a weak garlic odor. It is grouped by the USEPA under RUP and requires handling by qualified, certified, and trained workers. Fenthion is used for the control of sucking and biting pests (e.g., fruitflies, stem borers, mosquitoes, cereal bugs). In mosquitoes, it is toxic to both the adult and the immature forms (larvae). The formulations of fenthion include dust, emulsifiable concentrate, granular, liquid concentrate, spray concentrate, ultra-low volume, and wettable powder.28... 

Uses Pirimicarb is a colorless solid material. It is a selective systemic insecticide with contact effects on stomach (poison) and respiratory system (lungs). It is extensively used for the control of pests that infect a variety of crops (e.g., ornamentals, oilseeds, vegetables, cereals, greenhouse crops). Formulations include... 

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