Cell lysed

Freedman, M.S., Ruijs, T.C., Selin, L.K., Antel, J.P. (1991). Peripheral blood gamma delta T cells lyse fresh human brain derived oligodendrocytes. Ann. Neurol. 30, 794-800. 

The non-enveloped human viruses all have icosahedral capsids. The structural proteins undergo a self-assembly process to form capsids into which the viral nucleic acid is packaged. Most non-enveloped viruses accumulate within the cytoplasm or nucleus and are only released when the cell lyses. 

With most temperate phages, if the host simply makes a copy of the viral DNA, lysis does not occur but if complete virion particles are produced, then the host cell lyses. In a lysogenic bacterial culture at any one time, a small fraction of the cells, 0.1 to 0.0001 percent,... 

The temperate virus does not exist in its mature, infectious state inside the cell, but rather in a latent form, called the provirus or prophage state. In considering virulent viruses we learned that the DNA of the virulent virus contains information for the synthesis of a number of enzymes and other proteins essential to virus reproduction. The prophage of the temperate virus carries similar information, but in the lysogenic cell this information remains dormant because the expression of the virus genes is blocked through the action of a specific repressor coded for by the virus. As a result of a genetic switch, the repressor is inactivated, virus reproduction occurs, the cell lyses, and virus particles are released. 

Bioorganic components in soil include those organic molecules that participate in biochemical reactions, initiate reactions, inhibit the action of other biochemical, or act as antibiotics. Bioorganic chemistry also uses synthesized molecules to study biological processes such as enzyme activity. Often these studies are undertaken to develop a mechanism for the reactions of interest. Bioorganic molecules will be present either as components of the synthesis chain or as part of the degradation products. Whenever a cell lyses, its compounds will be released into the soil solution. 

Janssens W, Carlier V, Wu B, VanderElst L, Jacquemin MG, Saint-Remy JM CD4+ CD25+ T cells lyse antigen-presenting B cells by Fas-Fas ligand interaction in 38 an epitope-specific manner. J Immunol 2003 171 4604-4612. 

Persons with mutations that partially destroy G6PDH activity may develop an acute, episodic hemolysis. Certain mutations affect the stability of G6PDH, and, because erythrocytes cannot synthesize proteins, the enzyme is gradually lost over time and older red blood cells lyse. This process is accelerated by certain drugs and, in a subset of patients, ingestion of fava beans. In the United States, the most likely cause of a hemolytic episode in these patients is overwhelming infection, often pneumonia (viral and bacterial) or infectious hepatitis. 

Starter bacteria. The starter culture reaches maximum numbers at the end of the manufacturing phase. Their numbers then decline at a rate depending on the strain, typically by 2 log cycles within 1 month. At least some of the non-viable cells lyse at a rate dependent on the strain. As far as is known, the only extracellular enzyme in Lactococcus, Lactobacillus... 

Temperate bacteriophage, the best known being phage X, have a very different life cycle. Their DNA usually becomes integrated at a specific point into the genome of the bacterium (Chapter 27). Only rarely is an infected cell lysed. The retroviruses that attack mammals and birds have a similar characteristic. 

Red cell lysing solution (e.g., FACS Lysing Solution, Becton Dickinson) (see Note 1)... 

The elements of the galvanic cell should not be influenced by the chemistry and/or number of samples measured. In particular, the sample should maintain its initial physical and chemical properties, even after storage. In other words such processes as the evaporation of plasma water, gas escape, denaturation of proteins, the cell lyses, etc. should be minimized to avoid analyte concentration changes and artifacts. 

Alkaline elution of large DNA fragments from cells lysed on filters was devised by Kohn and colleagues215 216 and has been applied to the study of damaging effects on DNA of carcinogens given to animals in vivo. As with the... 

Iqbal. DNA chain growth during replication of asynchronous L1210 cells. Alkaline elution of large DNA segments from cells lysed on filters. Biochemistry 13 4134-4139, 1974. 

The recombinant system for peptide production involved designing synthetic oligonucleotides, which could be annealed, strand extended, and then cloned into the pET-SUMO vector to generate a fusion protein. This fusion protein was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells by IPTG induction and then cells lysed by freeze-thaw lysis followed by sonication. The lysate was passed... 

Other components of the innate response include natural killer (NK) cells and a number of cytokines. NK cells lyse certain types of tumor cells and virally infected cells and are a rich source of immune interferon (interferon-y), which stimulates macrophages and T cells hence they are thought to play an important role in host resistance to both neoplastic and viral disease. Type I interferons (interferon a and interferon P) are produced by a number of different cell types and appear very rapidly after viral infection. Type I interferons inhibit viral replication, inhibit cell proliferation, and increase the lytic potential of NK cells and therefore play a role in controlling viral and neoplastic disease. Several cytokines are important in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Those that have received the most attention include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6. There are also a number of chemotactic cytokines (including IL-8), called chemokines, which help to mobilize immune cells to the site of injury. 

Alternatively, the purification can be continued, the cells lysed, and activities assayed after lysis. It is from lysates so produced that organelles such as nuclei and mitochondria are obtained. The disruption of organelles in turn produces soluble enzymes. Ultimately, the end point is determined by the... 

B. thuringiensis crystals are first solubilized in the midgut of susceptible insects, followed by activation of the protoxins to active toxins by midgut proteases. The activated toxins then bind to midgut membrane receptors, insert into the apical membrane and form pores. Formation of the pores causes loss of osmotic regulation, and eventually leads to cell lyses, which is thought to be responsible for insect death [4,5]. 

Steiner, L., Kroncke, K, Fehsel, K, and Kolb-Bachofen, V (1997). Endothelial cells as cytotoxic effector cells cytokine-activated rat islet endothelial cells lyse syngeneic islet cells via nitric oxide. Diabetologia 40(2) 150-155. 

The cell line has been adapted for growth in serum-free media using spinner flasks and stirred tanks and cultures can be scaled up readily to produce high yields of recombinant protein (Jain et at, 1991). In batch cultures, infection of the cells with baculovirus can be monitored easily by measuring the increase in cell volume and decrease in cell viability. Several days after infection the cells lyse, releasing the recombinant protein product. Product titre is influenced by the oxygen requirement of the insect cells. 

A deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes insufficient amounts of NADPH to be produced under certain conditions (e.g., when antimalarial drugs are being used). As a result, glutathione is not adequately reduced and, in turn, is not available to reduce compounds that are produced by the metabolism of these drugs. Red blood cells lyse and a hemolytic anemia may occur. 

A. When red blood cells lyse, hemoglobin is degraded. Bilirubin is produced from heme at an increased rate. The liver converts bilirubin to the diglucuronide at a rapid rate and excretes it into the bile. In the intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin to stercobilins, which give stool its brown color. 

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