Categorization

The study of mixed films has become of considerable interest. From the theoretical side, there are pleasing extensions of the various models for single-component films and from the more empirical side, one moves closer to modeling biological membranes. Following Gershfeld [200], we categorize systems as follows ... 

Traditionally one categorizes matter by phases such as gases, liquids and solids. Chemistry is usually concerned with matter m the gas and liquid phases, whereas physics is concerned with the solid phase. However, this distinction is not well defined often chemists are concerned with the solid state and reactions between solid-state phases, and physicists often study atoms and molecular systems in the gas phase. The tenn condensed phases usually encompasses both the liquid state and the solid state, but not the gas state. In this section, the emphasis will be placed on the solid state with a brief discussion of liquids. 

Detectors in EM can be categorized according to their different spatial resolution or in relation to the time it takes to actually see and process the signal (real-time/on-line capability). 

DataField name="marital status" optype="categorical">... 

Research project databases include information on abstracts and reports categorized by research projects. Such factual databases allow one to search for projects in various fields of science and technology wdth numeric and textual queries. 

Then, in the early and mid-1 990s, CAS developed SciFinder and SciFinder Sc ho lar to address the needs of professional chemists and other scientists. SciFinder was developed to allow more intelligence in data access, such as smart structure searching, research topic exploration, advanced author searching, and powerful refine and analysi.s capabilities including categorize and panorama". 

An extensive series of studies for the prediction of aqueous solubility has been reported in the literature, as summarized by Lipinski et al. [15] and jorgensen and Duffy [16]. These methods can be categorized into three types 1 correlation of solubility with experimentally determined physicochemical properties such as melting point and molecular volume 2) estimation of solubility by group contribution methods and 3) correlation of solubility with descriptors derived from the molecular structure by computational methods. The third approach has been proven to be particularly successful for the prediction of solubility because it does not need experimental descriptors and can therefore be applied to collections of virtual compounds also. 

Rather than making this statement, one should consider first whether the representation of the Y-variablc is appropriate. What wc did here was to take categorical information as a quantitative value. So if wc have, for instance, a vector of class 1 and one of c lass 9 falling into the same neuron, the weights of the output layer will be adapted to a value between 1 and 9, which docs not make much sense. Thus, it is necessary to choose another representation with one layer for each biological activity. The architecture of such a counter-propagation network is shown in Figure 10.1 -11. Each of the nine layers in the output block corresponds to a different MOA. 

CODESSA can compute or import over 500 molecular descriptors. These can be categorized into constitutional, topological, geometric, electrostatic, quantum chemical, and thermodynamic descriptors. There are automated procedures that will omit missing or bad descriptors. Alternatively, the user can manually define any subset of structures or descriptors to be used. 

The material in the succeeding chapters describes both the synthesis of the indole ring and means of substituent modification which are especially important in indole chemistry. The first seven chapters describe the preparation of indoles from benzenoid precursors. Chapter 8 describes preparation of indoles from pyrroles by annelation reactions. These syntheses can be categorized by using the concept of bond disconnection to specify the bond(s) formed in the synthesis. The categories are indicated by the number and identity of the bond(s) formed. This classification is given in Scheme 1.1. 

Chromatography is a method for separating mixtures of substances into their individual components. Substances can be loosely categorized as volatile (including gaseous) and nonvolatile. The terms are... 

Table 1 provides an overview of many of the techniques available for the characterization of surfaces and interfaces. These techniques are categorized on the basis of the nature of the exciting and detected species (or force). As can be seen by Table 1, a tremendous number of approaches are available for the study of surfaces. In fact, multiple methods capable of answering all of the three questions posed above have been developed over the past thirty years. 

Although their presentiy accepted stmctures were unknown, they were characterized with the tools available at the time. Because morphine (2, R = H), C22H22NO 3, was shown to have properties similar to the basic soluble salts obtained from the ashes of plants (alkah) it was categorized as a vegetable alkaU or alkaloid, and it is generally accepted that it was for this case the word was coined. 

Explosives are commonly categorized as primary, secondary, or high explosives. Primary or initiator explosives are the most sensitive to heat, friction, impact, shock, and electrostatic energy. These have been studied in considerable detail because of the almost unique capabiUty, even when present in small quantities, to rapidly transform a low energy stimulus into a high intensity shock wave. 

These models are usually categorized according to the number of supplementary partial differential transport equations which must be solved to supply the modeling parameters. The so-called zero-equation models do not use any differential equation to describe the turbulent quantities. The best known example is the Prandtl (19) mixing length hypothesis ... 

Super Lewis Acids. Acid systems stronger than anhydrous AlCl ate classified as super Lewis acids (211). By this definition, Lewis acids such as SbF, NbF, AsF, andTaF ate so categorized. 

The most widely used and best known resistance furnaces are iadirect-heat resistance furnaces or electric resistor furnaces. They are categorized by a combination of four factors batch or continuous protective atmosphere or air atmosphere method of heat transfer and operating temperature. The primary method of heat transfer ia an electric furnace is usually a function of the operating temperature range. The three methods of heat transfer are radiation, convection, and conduction. Radiation and convection apply to all of the furnaces described. Conductive heat transfer is limited to special types of furnaces. 

A comprehensive search (295) of the STORET water quaUty database, maintained by the U.S. EPA Office of Water, is used to evaluate the potential water quaUty implications of various herbicides. This database contains information on contamination of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) suppUes. The data are provided to give a general impression of the occurrence of a given herbicide in SW and GW (269). The U.S. EPA scheme for categorizing a chemical s carcinogenic potential is used for herbicides for which healthy advisory information (HA) is available. The U.S. EPA is continually issuing HAs for various environmental contaminants HAs available in Reference 269 were used in preparation of this article. 

Microbiologists have developed the following hierarchy to categorize the expected level of performance of antimicrobial treatments ... 

Ink Types. There are 10 gravure ink types categorized by the binders or solvents used A, aUphatic hydrocarbon B, aromatic hydrocarbon C, nitrocellulose D, polyamide resins E, SS nitrocellulose M, polystyrene T, chlorinated mbber V, vinyls W, water-based and X, miscellaneous. 

Ion-exchange resins are categorized by the nature of functional groups attached to a polymeric matrix, by the chemistry of the particular polymer in the matrix, and by the porosity of the polymeric matrix. There are four primary types of functionaHty strong acid, weak acid, strong base, and weak base. Another type consists of less common stmctures in specialty resins such as those which have chelating characteristics. 

Mg(OH)2 powder is classified by OSHA as a nuisance dust. ACGIH categorizes the powder form as particulates not otherwise classified. Exposure limits are as follows (108) ACGIH 10 mg/m , OSHA 5 mg/m (respirable), and 15 mg/m (total). Magnesium hydroxide is reported in the EPA TSCA inventory (109). 

---