Pathogens, categorization

Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, Categorization of Pathogens According to Hazard and Categories of Containment, Second edition, HMSO, London, 1990, pp. 68. 

Th-17 cells appear to be involved in protection against bacterial pathogens. In addition, Th-17 cells may also be crucial in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases that were formerly categorized as Th-1-mediated disorders. Whereas IL-17 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and contact hypersensitivity, its role in atopic dermatitis is still unclear [36]. In skin biopsy specimens recovered from acute and chronic skin lesions from patients with atopic dermatitis, IL-17 was preferentially associated with acute lesions [37]. 

The categorization of emergency differs from country to country, depending on two local factors whether the disease is endemic and whether a means of transmitting the agent exists. Frequently, the introduction of a pathogen and the start of an epidemic may be through an animal vector thus, veterinarians may be the first to identify a disease new to a community. 

Hazard is the potential danger associated with a particular virus, and risk is the probability that the hazard will be expressed as an exposure with the possibility of infection. Containment refers to the control measures used to reduce the possibility of exposure. Some authorities categorize viruses according to hazard (4,5), whereas others have drawn up a classification based on risk, which includes such factors as pathogenicity, transmissibility, prophylaxis, and therapeutic measures (6). 

World Health Organization (WHO) identify Biosafety Levels 1,2, 3, and 4 and in the United Kingdom the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) categorizes Laboratory Containment Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 (4-6). All share the same objective to identify biosafety or laboratory containment levels that minimize the risk to the laboratory worker, to the outside community, and to the environment. At Biosafety/Laboratory Containment Level 2, exposure risks to the laboratory worker arise mainly from contact through a contaminated work environment. As the risk of airborne infection increases, Biosafety/ Laboratory Containment Level 3 provides facilities to prevent aerosol transmission. Additional safeguards to protect the outside community and the environment are found at Biosafety/Laboratory Containment Level 4, which is... 

Perturbations in CRE may arise as a consequence of cellular functions as well as environmental factors and pathological disorders. However, no clear categorization is possible since the causative factors and consequences may be interrelated. Pathological disorders, such as cancer, may be caused by perturbations in CRE and when the full pathogenic state has been... 

Table 11.1 Overview of studies for profiling human pathogens with MALDI-TOF MS at the strain level Examples of strain categorization (A), strain differentiation (B), and strain identification (C). MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, L library-based approach, P proteomics-based approach, CHCA a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, CMBT 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, DHB 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzoic acid, FA ferulic acid, HABA 2,4-hydroxyphenylazobenzoic acid, SA 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid), THAP 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenon. Adapted and modified from Sandrin et al. (2013)... 

Figure 9.2 Hierarchical categorization of priority target analytes for food and water. The rectangular boxes contain specific examples of pathogens, parasites, toxins, and pesticides (Reproduced with permission from [15]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society)...

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