Output categorization

Rather than making this statement, one should consider first whether the representation of the Y-variablc is appropriate. What wc did here was to take categorical information as a quantitative value. So if wc have, for instance, a vector of class 1 and one of c lass 9 falling into the same neuron, the weights of the output layer will be adapted to a value between 1 and 9, which docs not make much sense. Thus, it is necessary to choose another representation with one layer for each biological activity. The architecture of such a counter-propagation network is shown in Figure 10.1 -11. Each of the nine layers in the output block corresponds to a different MOA. 

A primary concern in coal-fired power generation is the release of air pollutants. Limits on SO2 output, 0.52 g/MJ equivalent of coal input to a new plant, have been estabflshed. Eor a bituminous coal of 27.9 MJ/kg there is thus an upper limit of 0.72% sulfur content. Relatively few coals can meet this requirement. The U.S. Department of Energy indicated recoverable reserves of 420 x 10 t in 1987 (2) that were categorized by sulfur content 33.5% had 0.6% S or less, 15.4% had between 0.61% and 0.83% S, 16.1% had between 0.84 and 1.67% S, 12.4% had between 1.68 and 2.50% S, and 22.6% had more than 2.5% S. The lowest sulfur coal, 86%, is found west of the Mississippi River, mainly in Montana and Wyoming, quite distant from the electric power demand centers in the East. A trend to utilization of the western coals has developed. 

UPS units are generally categorized by the design of the static inverter used to produce the A.C. output. The principal types used are ... 

This categorization of relative whole body intensity is also valuable in distinguishing between high intensity and submaximal exercise. Exercise intensities or power outputs at or above 100% VO2 max are generally considered high intensity. These intensities require muscle contractions that generate -40-100% of the force... 

Based on the descriptions of spatial variation in each environmental compartment, multimedia models can be categorized into multimedia compartmental models (MCMs) [3-20], spatial multimedia models (SMs) [21-24] and spatial multimedia compartmental models (SMCMs) [25-27]. MCMs assume homogeneous landscape properties in each medium and assume all environmental compartments are well mixed. SMs are collections of single-media models in which the output of one model serves as the input to the others. Each individual model in the SMs is a spatial model describing the variation of environmental properties in one or more directions. SMCMs are similar to MCMs, but consider one or more environmental compartments as nonuniform regions. 

In this chapter, the mathematical formulation of the variable classification problem is stated and some structural properties are discussed in terms of graphical techniques. Different strategies are available for carrying out process-variable classification. Both graph-oriented approaches and matrix-based techniques are briefly analyzed in the context of their usefulness for performing variable categorization. The use of output set assignment procedures for variable classification is described and illustrated. 

A similar situation arises for measurement categorization when fa and fa are measured. Although fa and fa constitute an output set assignment for the individual... 

Complete the following table by listing other possible inputs to and outputs from the wine-making process shown in Figure 1.3. Categorize each of the inputs according to your estimate of its expected influence on each of the outputs - strong (S), weak (W), or none (N). 

Fig. 4.1 Virtual screening tools can be categorized by the compound data to be screened (compound collection, combinatorial library, chemistry space) and the query type (structure-based, ligand-based, descriptor-based, pharmacophore-based). The output is always a list of compounds together with a score quantifying the fit to the query.

After highlighting the present top ten pharmaceuticals, let us now cover a number of other important drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter. We will attempt to categorize them by physiological action but will emphasize chemical structure and synthesis where appropriate. Our first type will be drugs affecting the heart. Cardiovascular agents are used for their action on the heart or on other parts of the vascular system. They modify the total output of the heart or the distribution of blood to certain parts of the circulatory system. 

Dufort and Lumsden (1991) proposed a model for color categorization and color constancy. In their model, color constancy is achieved by using the output from double opponent cells... 

The key methods that are the focus of this section are categorized as analytical versus numerical methods. Analytical methods can be solved using explicit equations. In some cases, the methods can be conveniently applied using pencil and paper, although for most practical problems, such methods are more commonly coded into a spreadsheet or other software. Analytical methods can provide exact solutions for some specific situations. Unfortunately, such situations are not often encountered in practice. Numerical methods require the use of a computer simulation package. They offer the advantage of broader applicability and flexibility to deal with a wide range of input distribution types and model functional forms and can produce a wide variety of output data. 

Verapamil s major effect is on the slow Ca channel. The result is a slowing of AV conduction and the sinus rate. This inhibition of the action potential inhibits one limb of the reentry circuit believed to underlie most paroxysmal. supraventricular tachycardias that use the A V node as a reentry point. It is categorized as a class IV antiarrhythmie drug (see Classes of Antiarrhythmie Drugs" below). Hemodynami-cally. verapamil causes a change in the preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate, and coronary blood flow. The drug reduces systemic vascular resistance and mean blood pressure, with minor effects on eardiae output. 

The causes of acid-base disorders, resulting laboratory values, and compensatory responses are discussed here in the traditional categorization of these disorders. However, it is often difficult to remember which disorders fall into which categories, so it is common for mnemonic devices or tables to be used to facilitate description of these disorders. A useful and more logical approach is to reaUze tliat an acidosis can only occur as a result of one (or a combination) of three mechanisms (1) increased addition of acid, (2) decreased elimination of acid, and (3) increased loss of base. Similariy, alkalosis occurs only by (1) increased addition of base, (2) decreased ehmination of base, and (3) increased loss of acid. Dufour has illustrated this simple concept by depicting the body as a two-tank vat, one of acid and one of base, with inputs and outputs for each vat (Figure 46-13). In the normal setting, these inputs and outputs are balanced an acid-base disorder then involves a perturbation in the input or output of these body reservoirs, as discussed in the next section. 

Outputs of PC can be categorized into three main classes, which include (1) MOB, (2) cortical structures, and (3) subcortical structures (O Figure 6-7). 

The output responses can be categorized as either measurements directly from the trial (e.g., endpoints) or measures of how well the trial is expected to perform (power or probability of success). Either these responses may be evaluated for how well they can be dehned for a given study design, or vice versa, they can be defined as needing to be known to a given level of precision, and the study design consequently optimized for this goal. The focal clinical endpoints (need to know) are likely to fall into the latter, while more peripheral endpoints (nice to know) are likely to be assessed as the former. 

---