Carbon fiber composites characterization

Burchell, T.D., Weaver, C E., Derbyshire, F., Fei, Y.Q. and Jagtoyen M., Carbon fiber composite molecular sievesisynthesis and characterization. In Proc. Carbon 94, Granada, Spain, Spanish Carbon Group, 1994, pp. 650 651. 

Donnet, J.B., Guilman, G. (1991). Surface characterization of carbon fibers. Composites 22, 59-62. 

Kalnin, I. L., and H. Jager (1985). Carbon fiber surfaces—characterization, modification and effect on the fracture behavior of carbon fiber-polymer composites, pp. 62—77. In Fitzer E., ed. Carbon Fibers and Their Composites. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Kovacs, P. 1993. In vitro studies of the electrochemical behavior of carbon-fiber composites, in Composite Materials for Implant Applications in the Human Body Characterization and Testing, ASTM STP 1178. R.D. Jamison and L.N. Gilbertson, Eds. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 41-52. 

The laminates of tiK carbon-fiber composite were first characterized by acoustic NDI (C-scan) and optical microscopy to evaluate their quality. Scanning electron microsctqiy (SEM) was used to evaluate laminate quality and nanoparticle distributimi using a Philips XL30 ESEM TMP scanning electron microscope. Mechanical tests fm tiie carbon-fiber composite were selected to measure resin-dominated properties. These tests were transverse four-point flexure with a qian-to-deptii ratio of 32 1 and longitudinal four-point flexure with a qi>an-to-depdi ratio of 16 1 designed to induce mic lane shear failure. Ten qiecimens were tested for each material type and condition. 

Jones and co-workers have successfully used SIMS in a scanning mode to characterize carbon fiber composite fracture surfaces, obtaining a lateral resolution of 0.2 pm [104,105], Other literature on the examination of carbon fiber surfaces with ToF-SIMS is also available [106,107]. 

Jenkins SD, Emmerson GT, McGrail PT, Robinson RM, J Adhesion, 45(1-4), 15-27, 1994. Labronici M, Ishida H, Dynamic mechanical characterization of PMR polyimide/carbon fiber composites modified by fiber coating with silicones. Composite Interfaces, 5(3), 257-275,1998. Labronici M, Ishida H, Effect of the silicone interlayer on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced PMR-15 polyimide composites. Composite Interfaces, 5(2), 87-116, 1998. 

Tibbetts, G.G., McHugh, J.J. Mechanical properties of vapor-grown carbon fiber composites with thermoplastic matrices , J. Mater. Res. 14(7) (1999), 2871-2880 Kuriger, R.J., Alam, M.K., Anderson, D.P., Jacobsen, R.L. Processing and characterization of aligned vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene . Comp. Part A 33(1) (2002), 53-62... 

N. J. Lee, J. Jang, M. Park, C.R. Choe, Characterization of functionally gradient epoxy/carbon fiber composite prepared under centrifugal force, J. of Mater. Sci., 32, 2013-2020 (1997). 

The majority of work done on VGCF reinforced composites has been carbon/carbon (CC) composites [20-26], These composites were made by densifying VGCF preforms using chemical vapor infiltration techniques and/or pitch infiltration techniques. Preforms were typically prepared using furfuryl alcohol as the binder. Composites thus made have either uni-directional (ID) fiber reinforcement or two-directional, orthogonal (0/90) fiber reinforcement (2D). Composite specimens were heated at a temperature near 3000 °C before characterization. Effects of fiber volume fraction, composite density, and densification method on composite thermal conductivity were addressed. The results of these investigations are summarized below. 

Pitkethly, M.J. and Doble, J.B. (1990). Characterizing the fiber/matrix interface of carbon fiber-reinforced composites using a single fiber pullout test. Composites 21, 389-395. 

Low, B.Y., Gardener, S.D., Pittman, C.U. and Hackett, R.M. (1995b). A micromechanical characterization of residual thermal stresses in carbon fiber/epoxy composites containing a non-uniform interphase region. Composites Eng. 5, 375-396. 

Two different polyacrylonitrile precursor carbon fibers, an A fiber of low tensile modulus and an HM fiber of intermediate tensile modulus were characterized both as to their surface chemical and morphological composition as well as to their behavior in an epoxy matrix under interfacial shear loading conditions. The fiber surfaces were in two conditions. Untreated fibers were used as they were obtained from the reactors and surface treated fibers had a surface oxidative treatment applied to them. Quantitative differences in surface chemistry as well as interfacial shear strength were measur-ed. 

A test matrix of about 20 different carbon samples, including commercial carbon fibers and fiber composites, graphite nanofibers, carbon nanowebs and single walled carbon nanotubes was assembled. The sorbents were chosen to represent a large variation in surface areas and micropore volumes. Both non-porous materials, such as graphites, and microporous sorbents, such as activated carbons, were selected. Characterization via N2 adsorption at 77 K was conducted on the majority of the samples for this a Quantachrome Autosorb-1 system was used. The results of the N2 and H2 physisorption measurements are shown in Table 2. In the table CNF is used to designate carbon nanofibers, ACF is used for activated carbon fibers and AC for activated carbon. 

Carbon fiber reinforced composites are at the forefront of current developments in polymer composites, and there is additional evidence for the important role being played by IGC in characterizing the interface in such systems. The Gutmann theory is used by Bolvari and Ward, who report add/base interactions for surface-treated carbon fibers and a series of thermoplastic polymer hosts, including polysulfone, polycarbonate, and... 

Applications. Nondestructive method of determination of carbon fiber reinforced composites. Damage of woven fiber reinforced composites, distribution of filler due to flow in molding techniques, distribution of fiber in composite, and dispersion of carbon black are examples characterizing potential applications of the method. 

Schultz J, Lavielle L. Interfacial properties of carbon fiber-epoxy matrix composites. In Lloyd DR, Ward TC, Schreiber HP, Pizana CC, eds. Inverse Gas Chromatography—Characterization of Polymers and Other Materials. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1989 185-202. de Boer JH. The Dynamic Character of Adsorption. 2d ed. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1968. 

S, Tang, J. Deng, S. Wang, and W, Liu, Fabrication and Characterization of an Ultra-High-Temperature Carbon Fiber-Reinforced ZrB2-SiC Matrix Composite, / Am. Ceram. Soc.,... 

Hollow fibers and spheres of zeolite (labeled as HFZ and HSZ, respectively) were successfully fabricated using carbon fibers and polystyrene (PS) spheres as templates respectively, through layer-by-layer technique, coupled with removal of the templates by calcination. The optimum performance conditions to obtain these kinds of materials were systematically studied. The wall thickness and composition of these novel materials can be readily tailored by varying the number of nanozeolite/PDDA (poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)) deposition cycles and zeolite type used, respectively. The properties of these novel materials were characterized by means of XRD, IR and SEM. 

Limited at first to the inspection of metallic components, it was later demonstrated that high-frequency magnetic fields causing eddy current production could be applied to the testing of composites containing conductive fibers, or a certain amount of graphite [108.109], Eddy current testing has been successfully applied in the detection and characterization of defects in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) panels, helicopter rotor blades, truck tires, and more [110-112]. 

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