Composites interfaces

For good interfacial strength there should be a good wetting of the fibre surface by the resin. In this regard it is necessary to discuss surface tension and contact angle 

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Eig. 2. Microstmctural design approaches for composite interfaces (a) mechanically weak coating (b) porous interface and (c) ductile interface. 

Answer. There has been little effective interplay between experimental results obtained on single nanostructures grown as quantum-wells and studied by optical-pumping methods and those obtained on bulk nanoscale semiconductors by more conventional NMR approaches. However, this situation may change, since the former studies can provide information about the effects of, e.g., charge carriers or strain or compositional interfaces upon NMR parameters such as chemical and Knight shifts and EFGs in reasonably well-defined systems. 

Composite interfaces, ceramic—matrix composites, 5 558-561 Composite liner, in landfills, 25 877 Composite material coatings, 14 105 Composite materials, 13 533 26 750-785. See also Composites advanced materials in, 1 693 classification by geometry, 26 752-755 classification by matrix material,... 

Garcia EJ, Wardle BL, Hart AJ. Joining prepreg composite interfaces with aligned carbon nanotubes. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2008 39(6) 1065-70. 

Pujiki K, Sakamoto M, Yoshikawa S, Sato T, Tsubokawa N (1999) Composite Interfaces 6 215... 

Nevertheless, recent advances in research in this multi-disciplinary field have not yet been collected together. While there are plenty of reference books available on composite materials in general, few of them are devoted specifically to composite interface science and mechanics. It is hoped that this book adds to the research effort by bringing recent developments in the field together in one convenient single volume. It is intended to create a comprehensive reference work from both the materials science and mechanics perspectives. 

Proper characterization of composite interfaces, whether it is for chemical, physical or mechanical properties, is extremely difficult because most interfaces with which we are concerned are buried inside the material. Furthermore, the microscopic and often nanoscopic nature of interfaces in most useful advanced fiber composites requires the characterization and measurement techniques to be of ultrahigh magnification and resolution for sensible and accurate solutions. In addition, experiments have to be carried out in a well-controlled environment using sophisticated testing conditions (e.g. in a high vacuum chamber). There are many difficulties often encountered in the physico-chemical analyses of surfaces. 

Composite interfaces exist in a variety of forms of differing materials. A convenient way to characterize composite interfaces embedded within the bulk material is to analyze the surfaces of the composite constituents before they are combined together, or the surfaces created by fracture. Surface layers represent only a small portion of the total volume of bulk material. The structure and composition of the local surface often differ from the bulk material, yet they can provide critical information in predicting the overall properties and performance. The basic unknown parameters in physico-chemical surface analysis are the chemical composition, depth, purity and the distribution of specific constituents and their atomic/microscopic structures, which constitute the interfaces. Many factors such as process variables, contaminants, surface treatments and exposure to environmental conditions must be considered in the analysis. 

Buxton, A and Baillie, C.A. (1995), Predicting the behavior of the carbon-fiber/epoxy interface under different service conditions. Composite Interfaces 3, 411-423. 

Galiotis, C. (1993b). Stress transfer characteristics in model composites. Composite Interfaces I, 321-336. 

Hoh, K.P., Ishida, H. and Koenig, J.L. (1990). Silicon-29 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of composite interfaces. Polym. Composites 11, 121 125. 

Liao, Y.T. (1989). A study of glass fiber-epoxy composite interfaces. Polym. Composites 16, 424-428. Maso, J.C. (1993). Interfaces in Cementitious Composites, E FN Spon, London New York. 

Naslain, R. (1993). Fiber-matrix interphase and interfaces in ceramic matrix composites processes by CVI. Composite Interfaces 1, 253-286. 

Marolzke, Ch. (1993). Influence of the fiber length on the stress transfer from glass and carbon fibers into a thermoplastic matrix in the pull-out test. Composite Interfaces 1, 15.3-166. 

Cho, C.R. and Jang, J. (1990). Adhesion of ultrasonic high modulus polyethylene fiber-epoxy composite interfaces. In Controlled Interphases in Composite Materials, Prod. ICCI-III, (H. Ishida ed.), Elsevier Sci. Pub., New York, pp. 97 107. 

Ward, I.M. and Ladizesky, N.H. (1986). High modulus polyethylene fibers and their composites. In Proc. ICCI-I, Composite Interfaces (H. Ishida and J.L. Koenig, eds.), Elsevier, New York, pp. 37-46. 

Arnold, S.M. and Wilt, T.E. (1992). Influence of engineered interfaces on residual stresses and mechanical response in metal matrix composites, NASA TM-105438. (Also in Composite Interfaces 1, 381 02.)... 

Gao, Z.J. (1993). Effect of fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength on reliability of composite materials. Composite Interfaces 1, 481-497. 

Labronici, M. and Ishida, H. (1994). Toughening composites by fiber coating A review. Composite Interfaces 2, 199-234. 

The study and application of composite materials are a truly interdisciplinary endeavor that has been enriched by contributions from chemistry, physics, materials science, mechanics and manufacturing engineering. The understanding of the interface (or interphase) in composites is the central point of this interdisciplinary effort. From the early development of composite materials of various nature, the optimization of the interface has been of major importance. While there are many reference books available on composite materials, few of them deal specifically with the science and mechanics of the interface of fiber reinforced composites. Further, many recent advances devoted solely to research in composite interfaces are scattered in different published literature and have yet to be assembled in a readily accessible form. To this end this book is an attempt to bring together recent developments in the field, both from the materials science and mechanics perspective, in a single convenient volume. 

Geochemical kinetics is stiU in its infancy, and much research is necessary. One task is the accumulation of kinetic data, such as experimental determination of reaction rate laws and rate coefficients for homogeneous reactions, diffusion coefficients of various components in various phases under various conditions (temperature, pressure, fluid compositions, and phase compositions), interface reaction rates as a function of supersaturation, crystal growth and dissolution rates, and bubble growth and dissolution rates. These data are critical to geological applications of kinetics. Data collection requires increasingly more sophisticated experimental apparatus and analytical instruments, and often new progresses arise from new instrumentation or methods. 

K Yoshinaga, K Nakanishi, Y Hidaka, H Karakawa. Composite Interfaces 3 231, 1995. 

Maurer FHJ, Kosfeld R, Uhlenbroich T (1985) Colloid Polym Sci 263 624 Maurer FHJ, Kosfeld R, Uhlenbroich T, Bosveliev LG (1981) 27th Inti. Symp. on Macromolecules, 6-9 July, Strasbourg, France Mansfield KF,Theodorou DN (1991) Macromolecules 24 4295 Patel S, Hadziioannou G, Tirrell M (1986) In Ishida H, Koenig JL (eds) Composite interfaces. Elsevier, New York, p 65 JanCaf J (1991) J Mater Sci 26 4123... 

Vollenberg PHT, Heikens D (1986) In Ishida H, Koenig JL (eds) Composite interfaces. Elsevier, New York, p 171... 

Ishida H (1985) In Ishida H, Kumar G (eds) Molecular characterization of composite interfaces. Plenum... 

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