Captive chemicals

Tetraacetylethylenediarnine (T AFP) perborate activator production has been estimated by industry sources to be 54,000 t to 63,600 t per year as of 1990. The production is located solely in Western Europe where the product is consumed. No estimates of the perborate activator nonanoyloxyben2ene sulfonate production volumes are available because it is captive chemical of the Procter Gamble Co. 

Mitsui Toatsu Chemical, Inc. disclosed a similar process usiag Raney copper (74) shortiy after the discovery at Dow, and BASF came out with a variation of the copper catalyst ia 1974 (75). Siace 1971 several hundred patents have shown modifications and improvements to this technology, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, and reviews of these processes have been pubHshed (76). Nalco Chemical Company has patented a process based essentially on Raney copper catalyst (77) ia both slurry and fixed-bed reactors and produces acrylamide monomer mainly for internal uses. Other producers ia Europe, besides Dow and American Cyanamid, iaclude AUied CoUoids and Stockhausen, who are beheved to use processes similar to the Raney copper technology of Mitsui Toatsu, and all have captive uses. Acrylamide is also produced ia large quantities ia Japan. Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi are the largest producers, and both are beheved to use Raney copper catalysts ia a fixed bed reactor and to sell iato the merchant market. 

The largest production of acrylamide is in Japan the United States and Europe also have large production faciUties. Some production is carried out in the Eastern Bloc countries, but details concerning quantities or processes are difficult to obtain. The principal producers in North America are The Dow Chemical Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Nalco Chemical Company (internal use) Dow sells only aqueous product and American Cyanamid sells both Hquid and sohd monomer. In Europe, Chemische Eabrik Stockhausen Cie, Ahied CoUoids, The Dow Chemical Company, and Cyanamid BV are producers Dow and American Cyanamid are the only suppHers to the merchant market, and crystalline monomer is available from American Cyanamid. Eor Japan, producers are Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsui Toatsu, and Nitto Chemical Industries Company (captive market). Crystals and solutions are available from Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi, whereas only solution monomer is available from Nitto. 

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Fine chemical companies are generally either small and privately held or divisions of larger companies, such as Eastman Fine Chemicals (United States) and Lonza (Switzerland). Examples of large public fife science companies, which market fine chemicals as a subsidiary activity to their production for captive use, are Hoffmann-La Roche, Sandoz, and Boehringer Ingelheim, which produce and market bulk vitamins and liquid crystal intermediates, dyestuff intermediates, and bulk active ingredients, respectively. Table 3 fists some representative companies having an important fine chemical business. 

Austria Donan Chemic AG calcium carbide 3 chemicals captive... 

Uses. The principal use of magnesium hydroxide is in the pulp (qv) and paper (qv) industries (52). The main captive use is in the production of magnesium oxide, chloride, and sulfate. Other uses include ceramics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, flame retardants/smoke suppressants, and the expanding environmental markets for wastewater treatment and SO removal from waste gases (87). 

Key contents of a purchase profile report for a specific chemical are identity, location, and capacity of primary vendors expected additions or deletions of capacity and their timing captive use/merchant supply status of each vendor pricing history pricing induences (feedstock, energy, etc) demand by use and anticipated growth and demand in the purchaser company up to five or ten years ahead. 

Total U.S. production of potassium metal is less than 500 t/yr. There are few commercial producers worldwide, although some companies produce potassium captively. The more prominent producers are CaHery Chemical Company (a division of Mine Safety AppHances Company) in the United States and the People s RepubHc of China. Potassium may be manufactured in Russia as well. Strem Chemicals (U.S.) suppHes small quantities in ampuls. 

Consumption of ethanolamines ia the United States has changed dramatically since the 1960s. Consumption ia gas conditioning appHcations has peaked and chemical processing intermediates (captive use for ethyleneamine and surfactant appHcations) has increased significantly. 

The major producers of fatty amine oxides are Jordon Chemical Company, Procter and Gamble, Lonza, Stepan, Sherex Chemicals, and Akzo Chemicals Inc. It is estimated that 13,600 t of amine oxides were purchased for end use ia the Uoited States ia 1987 (68). Of this amouat arouad 80% was coasumed ia various household products, and 10% ia iadustrial, iastitutioaal, and commercial appHcations. These figures do not iaclude the estimated 27,000 —32,000 t of amine oxides produced by Procter and Gamble for captive use. 

Economic Aspects. The price of sulfur dichloride was 0.26 /kg bulk ia 1995. Akzo Nobel is the only U.S. producer with merchant sales. Whereas some companies stiH produce sulfur dichloride for captive use (158), Occidental Chemical Company ended sulfur dichloride production ialate 1993. 

Economic Aspects. The tmddoad price of sulfuryl chloride in mid-1995 was l/kg. Occidental Chemical Company (Niagara Falls, New York) is the only merchant producer. A large amount is made and used captively by DuPont for manufacture of chlorosulfonated elastomer. 

Combustion of Sulfur. For most chemical process appHcations requiring sulfur dioxide gas or sulfurous acid, sulfur dioxide is prepared by the burning of sulfur or pyrite [1309-36-0], FeS2. A variety of sulfur and pyrite burners have been developed for sulfuric acid and for the pulp (qv) and paper (qv) iadustries, which produce and immediately consume about 90% of the captive sulfur dioxide produced ia the United States. Information on the European sulfur-to-sulfuric acid technology (with emphasis on Lurgi) is available (255). 

P-Pinene Manufacture. p-Pinene is obtained by fractionation of turpentine. The price of p-pinene, min 97%, was 5.28/kg in 1995 and that quahty is used mosdy in flavor and perfumery appUcations (45). Most of the P-pinene produced by the turpentine fractionators is used captively for producing fragrance chemicals or for P-pinene resins. P-Pinene is shipped in tank cars, tank wagons, deck tanks, and lined dmms. Prolonged storage requires conditions precluding autooxidation and polymerization. 

Production and Economic Aspects. The 1995 world production of organic titanates is estimated to be 8000—9000 metric tons, some of which is for captive use. Principal producers in the United States are Du Pont, Kenrich Petrochemicals, and Akzo Nobel in the United Kingdom, Tioxide U.K. in Japan, Nippon Soda, Matsumoto Trading, and Mitsubishi Gas Chemicals and in India, Synthochem. 

Production and sales data for methyl chloride, as reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission for the years 1945 to 1989, are given in Table 3. Production grew tremendously in the 1960s and again in the late 1980s. Methanol hydrochlorination was used to produce about 64% of the methyl chloride in 1969 and about 98% by 1974. The principal U.S. producers and their capacities are shown in Table 4 (54). These capacities do not include the 100 + million kg per year used by The Dow Chemical Company, Occidental, and Vulcan to captively produce other chloromethanes. 

Mono- and dichlorotoluenes ate used chiefly as chemical iatermediates ia the manufacture of pesticides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and peroxides, and as solvents. Total annual production was limited prior to 1960 but has expanded greatly siace that time. Chlorinated toluenes ate produced ia the United States, Germany, Japan, and Italy. Siace the number of manufacturers is small and much of the production is utilised captively, statistics covering production quantities ate not available. Worldwide annual production of o- and -chlorotoluene is estimated at several tens of thousands of metric tons. Yearly productions of polychlorotoluene ate ia the range of 100—1000 tons. 

Cumene sold as merchant grade for chemical purposes is usually produced to the specifications Hsted in Table 4. Captively manufactured cumene typically ... 

Raw material costs should be estimated by direct computation from flow rates and material prices. The flow rates are deterrnined from flow sheet material balances. The unit prices are obtained from vendors, company purchasing departments, or the Chemical Marketing Reporter. For captive raw materials produced internally, a suitable transfer price must be estabHshed. Initial catalyst charges can be treated as a start-up expense, working capital component, or depreciable capital, depending on the expected catalyst life and cost. Makeup catalyst is frequendy treated as a raw material. 

Cogeneration is an energy conversion process wherein heat from a fuel is simultaneously converted to useful thermal energy (e.g., process steam) and electric energy. The need for either form can be the primary incentive for cogeneration, but there must be opportunity for economic captive use or sale of the other. In a chemical plant the need for process and other heating steam is hkely to be the primaiy in a pubhc utility plant, electricity is the usual primary produc t. 

Riehl, N. and Seitz, F. (1996) Stalin s Captive Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundation). 

All of the above high-volume organic chemicals are obtained from petroleum or natural gas. This is why the modern organic chemical industry is frequently referred to as the petrochemical industry. The high-volume status of some of these compounds is due to their use to make others lower on the list. For example, ethylene is used to make ethylene dichloride, which, in turn, is used to make vinyl chloride. Ethyl benzene, made from benzene and ethylene, is used to make styrene. Methyl r-butyl ether is made from methanol and butylene, a captive intermediate for which production data is not available. 

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