Bulk actives

Fine chemical companies are generally either small and privately held or divisions of larger companies, such as Eastman Fine Chemicals (United States) and Lonza (Switzerland). Examples of large public fife science companies, which market fine chemicals as a subsidiary activity to their production for captive use, are Hoffmann-La Roche, Sandoz, and Boehringer Ingelheim, which produce and market bulk vitamins and liquid crystal intermediates, dyestuff intermediates, and bulk active ingredients, respectively. Table 3 fists some representative companies having an important fine chemical business. 

The feasibility of the fast neutron bulk activation detection system and of other bulk nitrogen measurement systems is in serious question. The nitrogen present in innocent, common, and completely legitimate materials to be found in suitcases varies sufficiently that the estimated minimum detectable amount of explosive in this system is around 25 to 50 sticks of 40% dyji3=... 

Thomas, P.W. and Ramsay, A. (2004) Continuous manufacturing of a bulk active pharmaceutical ingredient. Presented at Switching from Batch to Continuous Processing Conference,... 

Similarly, low volume chemicals are classified according to whether they are sold primarily on the basis of specification or performance. Specialties are generally formulations that are sold on the basis of their performance and their prices reflect their value rather than cost of production. Producers of specialty chemicals often provide extensive technical service to their customers. Examples of specialty chemicals include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flavours and fragrances, specialty polymers, etc. Fine chemicals, on the other hand, are produced to customer specifications and are often intermediates or active ingredients for specialty chemicals, e.g. pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediates and bulk actives. 

The common method of estimation of the interfacial potential in microheteroge-neous systems is to use pH indicators adsorbed at for instance charged micelles. The local interfacial proton activity is related to the bulk activity and to an interfacial potential by Boltzmann s law according to the equation [17,70-72]... 

The most widely used model in environmental studies is the free ion activity model (FIAM or FIM) which postulates that the uptake is dependent on the bulk activity of free M (i.e. cjy, as a practical simplification) [2,67], rather than to the total metal concentration [2,5,66,68,69]. This has led to recognition of the... 

Adsorption is often described in terms of isotherms which show the relationship between the bulk activity (concentration) of adsorbate and the amount adsorbed at constant temperature. 

It is a requirement of the Therapeutic Goods Act that all steps in the manufacture of a prescription medicine, including the manufacture of bulk active drugs and finished pharmaceutical products, are performed in manufacturing facilities of acceptable standards. 

Where is the bulk second order NLO property, N is the number of molecules and / the local field factors. Erom this equation it can be readily seen that the target must be for molecules with a high f] in order to achieve high bulk activity, although in practice the relationship is not quite so simple. 

Much of the knowledge needed for manufacturing a pharmaceutical is related to the last step in the process, including understanding the bulk active ingredient, its impurity profile, chiral purity, and crystal form. To cut down the entire scale-... 

Pharmaceuticals - manufacturing of bulk actives / intermediates Agrochemicals - manufacturing of technical / intermediates... 

Because of the close similarity of ionic radii, transition metal ions (M = Mn, Cu, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni) can be partially substituted for A1 ions. These transition metal ions can provide significant activity in combustion reaction.5 At low metal concentrations, the structural and morphological properties are not significantly affected by substitution, so that high thermal stability is maintained. Substituted hexaaluminates can be directly shaped in the monolith form required by the combustor, providing bulk active catalysts without need of ceramic supports. 

Here SAads designates the surface adsorbed species. The surface activity is related to the bulk activity through some form of adsorption isotherm. 

It is a well-known fact that upon covalent immobilization at the surface, the dissociation constant of the acid-base indicator changes by as much as 3 pK units. This shift clearly illustrates the dramatic effect that the interphase has on the ionization equilibria. It is perhaps the most serious problem with optical sensors that the surface concentration of any species is related to its corresponding bulk activity value through an adsorption isotherm which, with the exception of Henry s law, is a highly nonlinear and variable relationship. It is also known (Davies and Rideal, 1963) that the surface pH is different from the bulk value due to the electrostatic repulsion. 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry BACPAC I Intermediates in Drug Substance Synthesis Bulk Actives Post-approval Changes Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Documentation. Draft Guidance, whole document 1-24 (Nov. 17, 1998). 

Applications of Enzymes as Bulk Actives Detergents, Textiles, Pulp and Paper, Animal Feed... 

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