Incentives primary

Cogeneration is an energy conversion process wherein heat from a fuel is simultaneously converted to useful thermal energy (e.g., process steam) and electric energy. The need for either form can be the primary incentive for cogeneration, but there must be opportunity for economic captive use or sale of the other. In a chemical plant the need for process and other heating steam is hkely to be the primaiy in a pubhc utility plant, electricity is the usual primary produc t. 

DC Cave. Incentives and cost containment in primary care physician reimbursement. Benefits Q 3 70-77, 1993. 

An all India primary survey on the lamp users indicates that average replacement rate per household per year for CFLs and FTLs is about 1.26 and 1.05, respectively. The survey also indicated that majority of consumers are not willing to take the direct responsibility in funding system, therefore, a decentralized system of collection should work in Indian conditions. The recovery chain has to be clearly established with incentive-based roles identified for household consumers, retailers, and junk dealers. Further, the onward linkages must be assured so that the collected wastes are recycled and residues adequately disposed of. 

The primary difficulty in using the SOM, which we will return to in the next chapter, is the computational demand made by training. The time required for the network to learn suitable weights increases linearly with both the size of the dataset and the length of the weights vector, and quadratically with the dimension of a square map. Every part of every sample in the database must be compared with the corresponding weight at every network node, and this process must be repeated many times, usually for at least several thousand cycles. This is an incentive to minimize the number of nodes, but as the number of nodes needed to properly represent a dataset is usually unknown, trials may be needed to determine it, which requires multiple maps to be prepared with a consequent increase in computer time. 

One of the primary incentives for inter-firm collaboration is organizational learning. Powell Koput (1996) succinctly indicate the motive for these linkages Research breakthroughs demand a range of intellectual and scientific skills that far exceed the capabilities of any one organization. As knowledge is brokered across institutional frames, opportunities for creativity and recombinant innovation are dramatically enabled ... 

Two characteristics of vaccine markets make prizes an attractive incentive system. Vaccines create a large social value that firms cannot fully appropriate, and this social value can be calculated ex ante. When aggregate deadweight loss is the primary concern and the social value of an invention is verifiable (as is likely for vaccines), prizes maybe preferable to an intellectual property system (Maurer and Scotchmer 2004). Unlike under the patent system, the number of participants and the potential duplication of effort can be altered with the size of the prize. Additionally, if social value is expected to be much higher than costs, a prize can be set lower than social value. 

Although they are conceptually similar, pollution prevention and accident prevention differ in the response they have thus far received from industry. Although many firms are embracing pollution prevention (some enthusiastically, some more tentatively), far fewer are moving to primary accident prevention. In all likelihood, this disparity is due to a difference in incentives. 

The primary siting factors which influence the selection of a plant location are as follows environmental considerations, labor availability and productivity, raw material availability, proximity to market, property cost, accessibility to transportation, tax incentives, electric power availability and cost, and living conditions. 

Costs associated with modifying feed equipment to burn TDF in cement kilns is minor in most cases. Cost savings in fuel cost can be 70 to 90 percent of the cost of the primary fuel, depending on location and governmental incentives. 

Economically, the advantages of TDF can be very site-specific. Primary, or base load, fuel costs vary significantly, as does the delivered cost of TDF. TDF supplies a consistent and dry Btu input to boilers. This is an important advantage because the wood wastes typically fed to the hog-fuel boilers have a high and variable moisture content, which makes hog-fuel boiler operation a challenge. Availability of TDF is a problem at some mills. The costs of TDF -to a pulp and paper mill is affected by whether there is a tipping (tire disposal) fee or State rebate incentives... 

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