Niagara Falls

Dichlon)ben tnflmnde fOXSOL 1000), data sheet no. 343, 588, MSDS No. M29478, Occidental Chemical Co., Niagara Falls, N.Y., Jan. 16, 1992. 

The demonstration unit was later transported to the CECOS faciHty at Niagara Falls, New York. In tests performed in 1985, approximately 3400 L of a mixed waste containing 2-chlorophenol [95-57-8] nitrobenzene [98-95-3] and 1,1,2-trichloroethane [79-00-5] were processed over 145 operating hours 2-propanol was used as a supplemental fuel the temperature was maintained at 615 to 635°C. Another 95-h test was conducted on a PCB containing transformer waste. Very high destmction efficiencies were achieved for all compounds studied (17). A later bench-scale study, conducted at Smith Kline and French Laboratories in conjunction with Modar (18), showed that simulated chemical and biological wastes, a fermentation broth, and extreme thermophilic bacteria were all completely destroyed within detection limits. 

The acid process has been operated since 1970 by Cytec Canada Inc. (Niagara Falls, Canada) and since 1980 by Albright and Wilson Ltd. (Oldbury, England). Many of the details of the process are considered to be proprietary because of its specialized nature. Nippon Chemicals has also been producing phosphine, probably by the acid process, in Japan since the early to mid-1980s. Typical properties of phosphine are given in Table 1. 

These industries try to locate near a source of hydropower (Niagara Falls or Hoover Dam) or near a source of excess nuclear power. They generally work out arrangements to get power at a reduced cost based on being the first one cut off when electric load shedding is required. 

Sir Humphry Davy first isolated metallic sodium ia 1807 by the electrolytic decomposition of sodium hydroxide. Later, the metal was produced experimentally by thermal reduction of the hydroxide with iron. In 1855, commercial production was started usiag the DeviUe process, ia which sodium carbonate was reduced with carbon at 1100°C. In 1886 a process for the thermal reduction of sodium hydroxide with carbon was developed. Later sodium was made on a commercial scale by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide (1,2). The process for the electrolytic decomposition of fused sodium chloride, patented ia 1924 (2,3), has been the preferred process siace iastallation of the first electrolysis cells at Niagara Falls ia 1925. Sodium chloride decomposition is widely used throughout the world (see Sodium compounds). 

Economic Aspects. The tmddoad price of sulfuryl chloride in mid-1995 was l/kg. Occidental Chemical Company (Niagara Falls, New York) is the only merchant producer. A large amount is made and used captively by DuPont for manufacture of chlorosulfonated elastomer. 

Pulverized ferrosilicon containing approximately 15 percent sihcon is available from the Foote Mineral Company and from Carborundum Co. in the sizes and at the prices shown in Table 19-14. Cost is based on truckload quantities in 227-kg (500-lb) steel drums, FOB Keokuk, Iowa, and Niagara Falls, Ontario. 

Chlorine dioxide uses expanded rapidly in the industrial sector. In 1944, chlorine dioxide was first applied for taste and odor control at a water treatment plant in Niagara Falls, New York. Other water plants recognized the uses and benefits of chlorine dioxide. In 1958, a national survey determined that 56 U.S. water utilities were using chlorine dioxide. The number of plants using chlorine dioxide has grown more slowly since that time. 

Sodium metal is produced commercially on the kilotonne scale by the electrolysis of a fused eutectic mixture of 40% NaCl, 60% CaCh at 580°C in a Downs cell (introduced by du Pont, Niagara Falls, 1921). Metallic Na and Ca are liberated at the cylindrical steel cathode and rise through a cooled collecting pipe which allows the calcium to solidify and fall back into the melt. Chlorine liberated at the central graphite anode is collected in a nickel dome and subsequently purified. Potassium cannot be produced in this way because it is too soluble in the molten chloride to float on top of the cell for collection and because it vaporizes readily... 

Adams, E. D. (1927). Niagara Power 1 listoiy of the Niagara Falls Power Company, 1886-1918. Niagara Falls, NY The Niagara Falls Power Company. 

German physicists Julius Elster and Hans F. Geitel invent the first photoelectric cell as a result of studying the photoelectric effect. The first hydroelectric generator at Niagara Falls, New York, produces alternating current from a Nikola Tesla design. 

Gentry, G. G., R. K. Young, and W. M. Small, RODbaffle Heat Exchanger Thermal-Hydraulic Predictive Methods for Bare and Low-Finned Tubes, National Heat Transfer Gonference, Niagara Falls, NY, Aug. 5-8, (1984). 

Trichloroethylene was qualitatively detected in the soil/sediment matrix of the Love Canal waste site near Niagara Falls (Hauser and Bromberg 1982). Sediment concentrations were found to be <0.5 pg/kg (dry weight) (<0.5 ppb) near a discharge point for effluent containing 17 ppb trichloroethylene in Los Angeles (Gossett et al. 1983). 

Peel MC, RC Wyndham (1999) Selection of clc, cba, and fbc chlorobenzoate-catabolic genotypes from groundwater and surface waters adjacent to the Hyde Park, Niagara Falls, chemical landfill. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 1627-1635. 

Viklander, M., and Malmqvist, P.-A., 1993. Melt water from snow deposits, Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Urban Storm Drainage, 12-17 September 1993, Niagara Falls, Ontario, pp. 429-434. 

Pyrrolidine is obtainable from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Electrochemicals Division, Niagara Falls, New York. 

Solid sodium methoxide is available from Mathieson Chemical Corporation, Niagara Falls, New York. Alternately a solution prepared by dissolving 3.6 g. of sodium in 70 ml. of methanol may be used. 

Pemert A process for making perchloric acid by reacting sodium perchlorate with hydrochloric acid. Invented by J. C. Pemert in 1946 and operated by the Hooker Electrochemical Company at Niagara Falls. 

SVP A process for making chlorine dioxide by reacting sodium chlorate with hydrochloric acid. Invented in 1971 by the Hooker Chemical Corporation, Niagara Falls. 

Invented by T. L. Willson in 1892 and first practised commercially at Niagara Falls in 1896. 

Hexachloroethane is rarely detected in ambient water. Data reported in the STORET database indicate that the chemical was detectable in only 1 of 882 (0.1%) ambient water samples (Staples et al. 1985). The median concentration for all samples was <10 pg/L. Hexachloroethane was detected in Lake Ontario water, but not in Lake Erie (International Joint Commission 1983). The concentration of hexachloroethane in Lake Ontario was reported at 0.02 ng/L (Oliver and Niimi 1983). It was also identified in leachate from a hazardous waste site in Niagara Falls, New York (Hauser and Bromberg 1982). Hexachloroethane was not detected in 86 samples of urban runoff from 15 cities analyzed for the National Urban Runoff Program (Cole et al. 1984). 

Hites [32] used this technique to investigate the occurrence of chlorobenzene, chlorotoluenes and chlorophenols in hazardous waste dumps in Niagara Falls. 

Water sources could be another problem for hydrogen production, particularly in sunny regions that are well-suited for solar power. A study by the World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C. estimated that obtaining adequate hydrogen with electrolysis would require more than 4 trillion gallons of water yearly. This is equal to the flow over Niagara Falls every 90 days. Water consumption in the U.S. could increase by about 10%. 

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